【摘要】：目的評(píng)價(jià)河南某冶煉工廠周?chē)r(nóng)田土壤重金屬污染狀況,并探討重金屬污染對(duì)該地土壤中細(xì)菌群落的影響。材料與方法于該工廠西側(cè)(該地常年主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向下風(fēng)側(cè)),依次選擇距離工廠主煙囪741~2556m的7塊農(nóng)田觀察區(qū)(G1~G7),分4個(gè)季度共采集28個(gè)混合土樣,固體測(cè)汞儀法、原子熒光光譜法、電感耦合等離子體發(fā)射光譜法、電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法測(cè)定土壤中汞(Hg)、砷(As)、鉛(Pb)、鎘(Cd)、銅(Cu)、鋅(Zn)、鎳(Ni)、鉻(Cr)8種重金屬含量。單項(xiàng)累積指數(shù)法和內(nèi)梅羅指數(shù)法進(jìn)行重金屬累積性評(píng)價(jià),Hakanson潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù)法進(jìn)行土壤生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)。采用美國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)保局推薦的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型,評(píng)價(jià)8種重金屬對(duì)成人和兒童健康產(chǎn)生的非致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。運(yùn)用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE方法和Illumina MeSeq平臺(tái)測(cè)序方法,對(duì)7塊農(nóng)田土壤細(xì)菌群落進(jìn)行比較分析。結(jié)果1.重金屬污染狀況:(1)Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cu和Zn等6種金屬均在G1觀察區(qū)出現(xiàn)超標(biāo),28份農(nóng)田混合土樣中超標(biāo)最嚴(yán)重的是Cd和Pb,其最大超標(biāo)倍數(shù)為42.33和6.43。(2)距離工廠最近的G1、G2觀察區(qū)的6種重金屬含量高于G4~G7觀察區(qū),差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均小于0.05)。Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cu和Zn等6種重金屬含量與距工廠的距離呈負(fù)相關(guān),P值均小于0.05。(3)6種重金屬含量之間具有正相關(guān)性,相關(guān)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05)(4)土壤中As、Ni和Cr含量在不同季節(jié)分布差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均小于0.05)。2.潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià):Cd、Pb、Hg的單項(xiàng)累積指數(shù)范圍在9.25~342.69之間,達(dá)到重度累積。G1~G7觀察區(qū)的綜合累積指數(shù)為731.13~30588.88,均達(dá)到重度累積;G1~G7觀察區(qū)的總潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù)范圍為1620.29~14059.37,均達(dá)到極強(qiáng)生態(tài)危害。3.健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià):鉛經(jīng)手-口攝入暴露途徑對(duì)兒童的最大非致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)為2.44,G1觀察區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤中8種重金屬對(duì)兒童健康的最大總非致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)值為3.42,均大于非致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)限值1。在7塊觀察區(qū)農(nóng)田,砷對(duì)成人和兒童健康的致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別為1.36×10-5~4.28×10-5和9.56×10-5~3.00×10-4,超過(guò)致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制值10-6約13.6~42.8和95.6~300倍。4.DGGE指紋圖譜發(fā)現(xiàn),第一季度的優(yōu)勢(shì)條帶最多,共23條;第三季度最少,共有10條。四個(gè)季度共檢出5種細(xì)菌門(mén)類(lèi),分別為變形菌門(mén)、放線菌門(mén)、厚壁菌門(mén)、擬桿菌門(mén)和酸桿菌門(mén),其中變形菌門(mén)的檢出率最高。主成分分析和聚類(lèi)分析顯示,重金屬污染最重的G1和G2觀察區(qū)的細(xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)差異性較小,但與其他觀察區(qū)的差異性較大。冗余分析顯示,重金屬和理化因素對(duì)細(xì)菌群落分布均有影響,其中重金屬對(duì)G1、G2、G6和G7觀察區(qū)的影響程度最大。5.Illumina MeSeq測(cè)序方法共檢出34個(gè)門(mén)、99個(gè)綱、138個(gè)目、152個(gè)科、166個(gè)屬和50個(gè)種。變形菌門(mén)、放線菌門(mén)、酸桿菌門(mén)等優(yōu)勢(shì)菌門(mén)占總細(xì)菌微生物的相對(duì)豐度達(dá)95%以上。G1觀察區(qū)的Chao指數(shù)、ACE指數(shù)、Simpson指數(shù)和Shannonz指數(shù)等細(xì)菌微生物多樣性指數(shù)最低,分別為4009.14、4180.53、9.40和0.994,遠(yuǎn)低于細(xì)菌多樣性最高的G7觀察區(qū)。綠菌門(mén)、裝甲菌門(mén)、迷蹤菌門(mén)和擬桿菌門(mén)在7塊觀察區(qū)中的豐度分布差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05)。在污染最嚴(yán)重的G1觀察區(qū),綠菌門(mén)的相對(duì)豐度最高,與其他觀察區(qū)相比差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均小于0.001);其裝甲菌門(mén)相對(duì)豐度最低,與污染最輕的G7觀察區(qū)相比差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值小于0.05)。G1觀察區(qū)與G3~G7等5個(gè)觀察區(qū)相比,節(jié)細(xì)菌屬、貪銅菌屬、芽球菌屬等細(xì)菌的相對(duì)豐度增加,熱單孢菌屬、厭氧氨氧化菌屬(Candidatus Solibacter)的相對(duì)豐度降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均小于0.05)。冗余分析顯示,重金屬含量對(duì)不同觀察區(qū)細(xì)菌群落分布的影響大于含水率等理化性質(zhì)因素。結(jié)論1.Cd、Pb、Hg和As等金屬是該地農(nóng)田的主要重金屬污染物;Cd、Pb、Hg的污染程度達(dá)到重度累積,存在極強(qiáng)生態(tài)危害;Pb含量對(duì)兒童健康具有非致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn);As含量對(duì)成人和兒童均具有致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2.重金屬污染降低了該地農(nóng)田土壤中細(xì)菌微生物多樣性,是影響土壤細(xì)菌群落分布的主要因素,主要降低了裝甲菌門(mén)、熱單孢菌屬、厭氧氨氧化菌屬等細(xì)菌的豐度。
[Abstract]:Objective To evaluate the heavy metal pollution in the field of a smelting plant in Henan, and to explore the effect of heavy metal pollution on the bacterial community in the soil. The material and method are selected from 7 farmland observation areas (G1 to G7) of the main chimneys 741 to 2556m of the plant, and 28 mixed soil samples, solid mercury-measuring instrument method and atomic fluorescence spectrometry are collected in four quarters according to the 7 farmland observation area (G1-G7) of the main chimney 741-2556m of the plant in turn, The content of mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), carbon (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) in the soil was determined by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The evaluation of the accumulation of heavy metals was carried out by the single cumulative index method and the internal plum index method, and the ecological risk assessment of the soil was carried out by the Hakanson's potential ecological hazard index method. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of 8 heavy metals to the health of adults and children were evaluated using a health risk assessment model recommended by the National Environmental Protection Agency. By using the 16S rDNA-based PCR-DGGE method and the Illumina MeSeq platform sequencing method, the bacterial community of 7 farmland soil was compared and analyzed. Results 1. The heavy metal pollution status: (1)6 kinds of metals such as Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cu and Zn exceed the standard in the G1 observation area, and the most serious of the 28 farmland mixed soil samples is Cd and Pb, and the maximum superscalar is 42.33 and 6.43. (2) The content of six heavy metals in the G1 and G2 observation areas of the plant was higher than that of the G4-G7 observation area, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The content of 6 heavy metals, such as Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cu and Zn, was negatively correlated with the distance from the plant, and the P value was less than 0.05. (3) There was a positive correlation between the contents of 6 kinds of heavy metals (P <0.05) (P <0.05) (4) The contents of As, Ni and Cr in the soil were different in different seasons (P <0.05). The potential ecological risk assessment: the single cumulative index of Cd, Pb and Hg is in the range of 9.25-342.69, reaching a severe accumulation. The comprehensive cumulative index of the G1-G7 observation region was 731.13-30588.88, and it had a severe accumulation; the total potential ecological hazard index in the G1-G7 observation region was 1620.29-14059.37, which reached a very strong ecological hazard. Health risk evaluation: The maximum non-carcinogenic risk index of the children was 2.44, and the maximum non-carcinogenic risk value of 8 heavy metals in the farmland soil of the G1 observation area was 3.42, which was greater than that of the non-carcinogenic risk limit 1. In the 7 observation area, the carcinogenic risk of arsenic to the health of adults and children is 1.36-10-5-4.28-10-5 and 9.56-10-5-3.00-10-4, exceeding the control value of carcinogenic risk 10-6, about 13.6-42.8 and 95.6-300-fold. In the four quarters, five species of bacteria were detected, namely, the strain, the actinomycete, the thick-walled fungus, the Bacteroides and the phylum, in which the positive rate of the strain was the highest. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis show that the difference of the bacterial community structure in the G1 and G2 observation regions with the heaviest heavy metal pollution is small, but the difference with other observation regions is relatively large. The results show that the heavy metal and the physical and chemical factors have an effect on the distribution of the bacterial community, and the influence of heavy metal on the observation areas of G1, G2, G6 and G7 is the greatest.5. The method of the Illumina MeSeq sequencing has 34 doors,99 classes,138 eyes,152 families,166 genera and 50 species. The relative abundance of the total bacterial micro-organisms is over 95%. The diversity index of the bacteria, such as the Chao index, the ACE index, the Simpson index, and the Shannonz index in the G1 observation area, is the lowest, which is 4009.14, 4180.53, 9.40 and 0.994, which is much lower than that of the G7 observation area with the highest bacterial diversity. There was a significant difference in the distribution of abundance in the 7 (P0.05). In the most polluted G1 observation area, the relative abundance of the green fungus was the highest, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.001). The difference was statistically significant (P <0.05) compared to the most polluted G7 observation area. The relative abundance of the bacteria, such as the genus Arthrospira, the covetus, and the genus of the genus Bacillus, was increased, and the relative abundance of the genus Thermomonospora and the genus CANDIDatus Solibacter decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The results of redundancy analysis show that the influence of heavy metal content on the bacterial community distribution in different observation areas is greater than that of water content. Conclusion 1. The metals such as Cd, Pb, Hg and As are the main heavy metal pollutants in the field. The degree of pollution of Cd, Pb and Hg has a severe accumulation, and there are very strong ecological hazards. The Pb content has non-carcinogenic risk to the children's health. As a result, the As content has a carcinogenic risk to both adults and children. The heavy metal pollution reduces the microbial diversity of the bacteria in the soil of the area, which is the main factor affecting the distribution of the bacterial community in the soil, which mainly reduces the abundance of the bacteria such as the Armored bacteria, the Thermomonospora, and the anaerobic ammoxidation bacteria.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X756;X53

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