【摘要】：大氣顆粒污染物對環(huán)境的影響和人類健康的影響日益突出,并逐漸引起世界各國的普遍關(guān)注。大氣顆粒污染物是衡量城市空氣質(zhì)量的主要指標(biāo),而作為大氣顆粒污染物重要組成部分的道路揚(yáng)塵應(yīng)該引起人們的關(guān)注,成為研究的主要對象。使用道路抑塵劑降低揚(yáng)塵是一種有效的方法,迄今為止,所用的抑塵劑產(chǎn)品效果較差,且有可能造成二次污染。為了解決我國城市中,尤其是北方城市道路揚(yáng)塵對空氣質(zhì)量的影響,需研制出一種針對性強(qiáng),高效環(huán)保的抑塵劑,控制城市粉塵的傳播與擴(kuò)散。本論文研制的是一種防凍型瀝青道路抑塵劑,主要應(yīng)用于城市的瀝青道路抑塵,通過對潤濕型、粘結(jié)型、凝聚型抑塵劑的研究,綜合了它們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),確定研制一種集吸水、保濕、凝并為一體且具有一定防凍功能的復(fù)合型抑塵劑。論文首先以單體實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),在具有吸濕性、凝并性、潤濕性和保水性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)中各自選擇三種,通過檢測其失水率、粘度、表面張力等指標(biāo)確定質(zhì)量濃度15%-25%的CaCl2為吸濕劑,質(zhì)量濃度0.05%-0.15%的聚丙烯酸鈉為凝并劑,質(zhì)量濃度0.005%-0.5%的十二烷基苯磺酸鈉為本實(shí)驗(yàn)的表面活性劑,質(zhì)量濃度0.4%-0.8%的丙三醇為保水劑。實(shí)驗(yàn)選擇多因素多水平的正交實(shí)驗(yàn),確定抑塵劑的最優(yōu)配方,通過吸濕性、粘度、抗蒸發(fā)性、pH值等評價(jià)指標(biāo),分析各因素對各指標(biāo)的影響,得出聚丙烯酸鈉和CaCl2具有較好的吸濕性能,且聚丙烯酸鈉的吸濕性能優(yōu)于CaCl2,聚丙烯酸鈉對粘度和pH值起最主要的影響,聚丙烯酸鈉和丙三醇具有較好的保水性能,丙三醇在抑塵劑配方中主要起保水作用。得出抑塵劑所需的最佳濃度。最后對最優(yōu)配方的pH值、粘度、吸濕放濕性、抗風(fēng)蝕性、對瀝青混合料強(qiáng)度的影響、毒性及冰點(diǎn)等性能進(jìn)行測定,結(jié)果表明抑塵劑pH值呈中性,粘度值測量結(jié)果為36 mpa·s,能夠抵御30m/s的風(fēng)力侵蝕,風(fēng)蝕率小于1%,道路抑塵劑有很好的抗風(fēng)蝕效果。該抑塵劑經(jīng)過十天的吸濕放濕性測試,塵樣含濕量最大可以達(dá)到9.0%,最低含濕量仍然能夠保持在4%以上,并且10天之后沒有明顯的遞減趨勢,由此可以得出塵樣仍具有能夠吸收空氣中水分的性能,故本實(shí)驗(yàn)研制出的抑塵劑抑塵效果顯著,并具有吸濕放濕的特性。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)可知道路抑塵劑對瀝青道路強(qiáng)度的影響和自來水對瀝青道路強(qiáng)度的影響差不多,硫化橡膠和碳鋼(16Mn)在道路抑塵劑與蒸餾水中的耐蝕性對比試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明道路抑塵劑和蒸餾水對硫化橡膠和碳鋼(16Mn)的腐蝕性差不多。由于條件限制,本文對抑塵劑的抑塵效果只做了小型的校園道路試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明該抑塵劑能夠顯著降低大氣總懸浮顆粒物的含量且保濕時(shí)間長。
[Abstract]:The impact of particulate pollutants on the environment and human health has become increasingly prominent, and has gradually attracted the attention of countries all over the world. Atmospheric particulate pollutant is the main index to measure urban air quality, and road dust, which is an important part of atmospheric particulate pollutant, should be paid attention to and become the main object of study. It is an effective method to use road dust suppressant to reduce dust raising. Up to now, the effect of the dust suppressant used is poor, and it may cause secondary pollution. In order to solve the influence of road dust on air quality in Chinese cities, especially in northern cities, it is necessary to develop a dust suppressant with strong pertinence, high efficiency and environmental protection to control the spread and diffusion of urban dust. In this paper, a kind of antifreeze asphalt road dust suppressant is developed, which is mainly used in urban asphalt road dust suppression. Through the research on wetting type, adhesive type and condensed type dust suppressant, it synthesizes their advantages and disadvantages. A kind of compound dust suppressant, which can absorb water, moisturize and coagulate, and has certain antifreeze function, is developed. First of all, based on the monomer experiment, three kinds of chemical substances were selected in this paper, which have the properties of moisture absorption, coagulation, wettability and water retention, and their water loss rate and viscosity were measured. Surface tension and other indicators determined that the mass concentration of 15% to 25% of CaCl2 was a moisture absorbent, and the mass concentration of 0.05% sodium polyacrylate was used as a condensation agent. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (0.005%) was used as surfactant and glycerol (0.4% -0.8%) as water-retaining agent. The optimum formula of dust suppressant was determined by orthogonal experiment with multi-factor and multi-level. The influence of each factor on each index was analyzed by evaluating indexes such as moisture absorption, viscosity, evaporation resistance, pH value, etc. The results showed that sodium polyacrylate and CaCl2 had better hygroscopicity, and the hygroscopicity of sodium polyacrylate was better than that of CaCl2,. Sodium polyacrylate and propanediol had better water retention. Propanetriol plays an important role in keeping water in the formulation of dust suppressant. The optimum concentration of dust suppressant was obtained. Finally, the pH value, viscosity, hygroscopicity, wind erosion resistance, the effect on the strength, toxicity and freezing point of asphalt mixture were determined. The results showed that the pH value of dust suppressant was neutral, and the viscosity value was 36 mpa s. It can resist the wind erosion of 30m/s, and the wind erosion rate is less than 1. The road dust suppressant has a good anti-wind erosion effect. After ten days of moisture absorption and hygroscopicity test, the maximum moisture content of dust sample can reach 9.0, the minimum moisture content can still remain above 4%, and there is no obvious decreasing trend after 10 days. It can be concluded that the dust sample still has the ability to absorb moisture in the air, so the dust suppressant developed in this experiment has a remarkable dedusting effect and has the characteristics of moisture absorption and moisture release. The influence of road dust suppressant on asphalt road strength is similar to that of tap water on asphalt road strength. The corrosion resistance of vulcanized rubber and carbon steel (16Mn) in road dust suppressant and distilled water is compared. The results show that road dust suppressant and distilled water have similar corrosivity to vulcanized rubber and carbon steel (16Mn). Due to the limitation of the conditions, the dust suppression effect of the dust suppressant is only tested on a small campus road. The results show that the dust suppressant can significantly reduce the content of the total suspended particulates in the atmosphere and retain the moisture for a long time.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X513

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