松花江干流冰期河道內(nèi)生態(tài)需水研究
[Abstract]:Under the dual influence of climate change and human activities, China's water ecological environment has been seriously damaged. With frequent extreme weather, the river flow is decreasing, and the water quality of the river is deteriorating. In 2013, the proportion of bad V river length in China is 14.9%, which is 0.6 percentage point higher than that in 2012. In the present changing environment, the problem of water ecology is becoming more and more serious, especially the frozen period of up to 5 months in the northern rivers, which has a profound influence on the river ecosystem. From 1980 to 2000, due to less rainfall, excessive utilization and unreasonable exploitation of water resources, two rivers in the Songhua River basin, namely Hulan River and Ant River, were cut off. The maximum cut-off length is 50 km / m ~ (65) km, which accounts for 0.6 ~ 2.9% of the total length of the respective rivers, and the total number of days of disconnection is 78 days and 23 days respectively. The river disconnection and water pollution have a great negative effect on the ecological environment and biodiversity in the river. Under this background, the water ecology has gradually become a hot and difficult point in the practice and scientific research of water control in China. Since 1980s, China has carried out systematic research on ecological water demand, but the application of evaluating river ecological water demand in combination with aquatic habitat is still in the exploratory stage, especially in the cold regions of northern China, which is prone to the phenomenon of "continuous bottom freezing". It has a serious impact on the survival of aquatic organisms and the ecosystem of river channels, which makes the existing methods have great limitations on the calculation of ecological water demand in the cold regions of northern China during the glacial period. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the ecological water demand in the glacial river course in the cold region of northern China for river ecological restoration and management. Taking Harbin to Jiamusi as the main stream of Songhua River as the study area, based on the characteristics of the frozen river and the physical habitat model, the ecological discharge in the river is predicted and analyzed from the point of maintaining the survival of the representative species in the river during the wintering period. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) based on the analysis of the hydrological elements of the Songhua River during the glacial period from 1962 to 2010, it is found that the annual average discharge of the Songhua River mainstream in Harbin, Yilan and Jiamusi sections shows a decreasing trend. The tendency rate of the ice sheet thickness is -0.0329mt / m ~ (-1) -0.0311mN ~ (-1) -0.0311mU ~ (-0.0325m), the tendency of the velocity is also decreasing, but the decreasing trend is not obvious, and the tendency rate is -1.816m3 / s ~ (-1) -0.2419m3 / s ~ (-1) -3.539m3 / s, respectively. By using multivariate nonlinear regression model, the variation trend of ice sheet thickness with accumulated temperature, flow rate and velocity can be well fitted. The model has good correlation under the test of Nash coefficient. (2) the distribution of main overwintering field of different fishes in the main stream of Songhua River is determined. Based on the PHABSIM model, the habitat area of the two species in overwintering period was simulated under different flux conditions, respectively, using the warm water Arrowhead and the cold-water chrysanthemum as the representative species. It is determined that the habitat of Acanthophora and Artemisia in the period of overwintering from Harbin to Jiamusi reaches of Songhua River is mainly distributed in 270-280 km and 390-400 km from the lower reaches of Harbin section. (3) the location of overwintering field of representative species in this section is studied. The changes of habitat area in overwintering period were simulated under different flow conditions. According to the relevant parameters, the relationship curve of WUA- flux was obtained, and the range of ecological flow was determined. At the same time, combining with the average monthly runoff data of Harbin, Yilan and Jiamusi stations from Nov.1962-2010 to March of next year, considering the actual situation of wintering runoff, The minimum ecological flow in overwintering period was determined as 300m3 / s, and the minimum ecological flow in overwintering period of Arrowhead was 200m3 / s.
【學位授予單位】:東華大學
【學位級別】:碩士
【學位授予年份】:2017
【分類號】:X143
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