南極典型地區(qū)湖泊沉積物中脂類生物標志物及同位素地球化學研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-30 12:03
【摘要】：南極地區(qū)是研究氣候變化和生態(tài)環(huán)境響應(yīng)的重要場所。湖泊沉積物由于具有相對高的分辨率和良好的年代序列被認為是重建氣候和生態(tài)環(huán)境變化的可靠載體。生物標志物和單體碳同位素等有機地球化學指標在南極古環(huán)境研究中應(yīng)用廣泛。南極地區(qū)湖泊沉積物中生物標志化合物的種類、含量、分布特征以及碳同位素組成特征可以很好地指示環(huán)境中有機質(zhì)輸入狀況和沉積環(huán)境的變化,同時也可以重建研究地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境演化歷史。本研究主要選取東南極羅斯海地區(qū)生物糞土沉積物、西南極菲爾德斯半島和東南極拉斯曼丘陵湖泊近表層沉積物,以及保存較好的生物殘體和一些環(huán)境介質(zhì)樣品,通過有機生物標志物和碳、氮同位素地球化學等方法,從歷史的角度探討南極典型地區(qū)湖泊沉積物中脂類生物標志物和碳、氮同位素地球化學分布特征及其所反映的氣候和生態(tài)環(huán)境變化信息。涉及的主要研究內(nèi)容和得到的主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.南極湖泊沉積物長鏈烷基脂質(zhì)有機地球化學分析湖泊沉積物中一般存在具有較強奇偶優(yōu)勢的長鏈(C24)烷烴和較強偶碳優(yōu)勢的長鏈烷酸,傳統(tǒng)觀點認為長鏈烷基脂質(zhì)主要來源于陸地維管植物,是植物葉蠟的主要組成部分。由于全球大部分環(huán)境中都存在高等植物,許多科學研究很難發(fā)現(xiàn)沉積物中非維管植物的脂質(zhì)來源。南極地區(qū)氣候環(huán)境惡劣且缺乏維管植物,因此可以成為研究非維管植物脂質(zhì)來源的有利場所。通過對東南極大明湖和南極半島長湖湖泊沉積物中脂類化合物及其單體碳同位素分析,并與南極各種環(huán)境樣品的脂質(zhì)分布及其單體碳同位素特征開展了對比分析,研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個湖泊沉積物樣品(大明湖和長湖)中都存在大量的長鏈烷基脂質(zhì),南極半島長湖沉積物長鏈烷基脂質(zhì)主要來源于苔蘚和地衣的貢獻,但大明湖周圍苔蘚地衣分布稀少,因此該湖泊沉積物中檢測到的長鏈脂質(zhì)可能有其它來源。樣品的單體碳同位素值也證明了大明湖沉積物中長鏈烷基脂質(zhì)主要來源于水生環(huán)境,最有可能是源于水體中的微生物(真菌和細菌)或者是微生物對湖藻來源的有機化合物產(chǎn)生改造作用的結(jié)果,而維管植物對在高緯度的東南極湖泊環(huán)境的長鏈烷基脂質(zhì)的貢獻可以忽略不計。2.東南極蒲福島地區(qū)糞土層脂類生物標志物特征對羅斯海蒲福島地區(qū)糞土沉積物開展了脂肪酸和甾醇等有機地球化學分析,結(jié)果表明BI沉積剖面中脂肪酸以短鏈C16和C18為主峰,短鏈主要來源于湖泊藻類和生物糞便輸入。醇類以糞便甾醇為主,將膽甾烷醇和異構(gòu)糞甾醇含量分別作為企鵝和海豹數(shù)量的替代性指標,重建了歷史時期企鵝和海豹的數(shù)量變化,結(jié)果表明在1680-1770 AD和1860 AD-至今兩個時期企鵝和海豹的數(shù)量都有所增加,而海豹的數(shù)量變化相對而言更為劇烈。植物甾醇和葉綠素a在深度剖面上的變化趨勢與企鵝和海豹種群數(shù)量變化相似,表明采樣點周圍生物活動與湖泊水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育具有密切關(guān)聯(lián)。生物糞的輸入為水生藻類的生長提供營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),促進藻類進一步生長。3.東南極難言島湖泊沉積物有機碳同位素特征及其生態(tài)環(huán)境意義我們對東南極難言島兩個沉積柱IIL9和IIL1以及水生藻類等環(huán)境介質(zhì)樣品進行了總有機碳(TOC)、總氮(TN)和有機碳同位素(δ13Corg)分析,結(jié)果表明IIL9沉積物δ13Corg值在-14.6%～-11.6‰之間變化,平均值為-13.4‰(n=48),明顯高于IIL1沉積物有機碳同位素值(-23.2‰20.4%‰,平均值為-21.8‰)(n=55),表明兩根沉積柱的有機質(zhì)來源不同。因此,有機碳同位素可以有效區(qū)分難言島地區(qū)水系沉積物的有機質(zhì)來源。將IIL9和IIL1沉積物δ13Corg值與南北極不同來源的有機質(zhì)和湖泊沉積物δ13Corg數(shù)據(jù)進行比較,結(jié)果表明IIL9沉積物的有機質(zhì)主要來源于藻類,而IIL1沉積物中低δ13Corg值表明了沉積物受企鵝糞便輸入的影響較大。根據(jù)有關(guān)文獻報道,并結(jié)合研究區(qū)的自然環(huán)境背景,我們認為IIL9沉積物中高δ13Corg值可能是由于水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中光合作用效率高而在水體中形成二氧化碳擴散限制環(huán)境,導致更多的13C被藻類同化吸收。IIL9沉積剖面中δ13Corg與TOC和TN的變化呈顯著正相關(guān),初步推斷IIL9沉積物中的δ13Corg值與湖泊初級生產(chǎn)力的變化相關(guān),較高的δ13Corg對應(yīng)于更多的水生藻類生長,因此δ13Corg值可以用作指示初級生產(chǎn)力的變化。4.東南極羅斯島Cape Bird地區(qū)生物糞土沉積物中脂類生物標志物及其單體碳同位素地球化學特征南極企鵝和海豹對氣候變化的響應(yīng)具有一定的差異性。我們對羅斯島Cape Bird地區(qū)沉積物中保存的古海豹毛進行了形態(tài)學統(tǒng)計分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在采樣點附近活動的海豹種屬主要是象海豹。通過對Cape Bird地區(qū)古海豹毛和糞甾醇的分析表明在1280-1660 AD時期,海豹曾生活在此處,該時期是海豹生存的適宜期晚期。同時發(fā)現(xiàn)在維多利亞地南部Marble Point地區(qū)在約2.7 Ka BP存在象海豹適宜期早期。Cape Bird地區(qū)生物糞土沉積物中脂肪酸的分布特征以短鏈C16和C18為主峰,推測研究的沉積剖面中有機質(zhì)主要來源于生物糞便和藻類等植物殘體的輸入。脂肪酸單體碳同位素值范圍在-34.7～-28.5‰之間,在深度剖面上短鏈脂肪酸單體同位素值與生物糞的輸入量具有一定的關(guān)聯(lián),表明單體碳同位素不僅可以明確地指示沉積物有機質(zhì)來源,而且有可能應(yīng)用于古生態(tài)變化記錄的重建。
[Abstract]:Antarctica is an important place for studying climate change and ecological environment response. Lacustrine sediments are considered as reliable carriers for reconstructing climate and ecological environment because of their high resolution and good chronological sequence. Application of organic geochemical indicators such as biomarkers and carbon isotopes in Antarctic paleoenvironment research The types, contents, distributions and carbon isotope compositions of biomarkers in lake sediments in Antarctica can indicate the changes of organic matter input and sedimentary environment, and reconstruct the evolutionary history of the ecological environment in the study area. Sediments from dung soil, near-surface sediments from the Fields Peninsula in the southwest Antarctica and lakes in the Rasmann Hills in the Southeast Antarctica, as well as better preserved bioremnants and some environmental media samples, were used to study lipids in lake sediments from a historical perspective by using organic biomarkers and carbon and nitrogen isotope geochemistry. Geochemical distribution characteristics of biomarkers and carbon and nitrogen isotopes and their climatic and ecological environmental changes. The main research contents and results are as follows: 1. Organic geochemical analysis of long-chain alkyl lipids in Antarctic Lake sediments. 4) Alkanes and long-chain alkanes with strong carboxylic predominance. Traditionally, long-chain alkyl lipids are believed to originate mainly from terrestrial vascular plants and are a major component of plant wax. Lipids and their monomers in sediments from Minghu Lake and Changhu Lake in the Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed and compared with lipid distribution and monomer carbon isotope characteristics of various environmental samples in Antarctica. The results showed that there were a lot of long-chain alkyl lipids in the sediments of both lakes (Daming Lake and Changhu Lake). The long-chain alkyl lipids in the sediments of the Antarctic Peninsula were mainly derived from the contribution of mosses and lichens, but the distribution of lichens around Daming Lake was scarce. The carbon isotope values of the samples also show that the long-chain alkyl lipids in the sediments of Daming Lake are mainly derived from the aquatic environment, most likely from the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) in the water or the microorganisms modifying the organic compounds derived from the lake algae, while the vascular plants modifying the organic compounds derived from the lake algae algae at high latitudes. The contribution of long-chain alkyl lipids to the lake environment in Antarctica can be neglected. 2. Organic geochemical analysis of fatty acids and sterols in fecal sediments from the Pufo Island area, Ross Sea, by the characteristics of lipids biomarkers in the fecal soil layer shows that short-chain C16 and C18 are the main peaks of fatty acids in BI sediment profiles. Alcohols are mainly fecal sterols. Cholesterol and iso-fecal sterols are used as alternative indicators of penguin and seal populations to reconstruct the changes of penguin and seal populations in historical periods. The results show that penguin and seal populations were observed in 1680-1770 AD and 1860 AD-to-date. The changes of phytosterol and chlorophyll a in depth profiles were similar to those in penguin and seal populations, indicating that the biological activities around the sampling sites were closely related to the development of the aquatic ecosystem of the lake. Characteristics of organic carbon isotopes in lake sediments and their ecological and environmental implications in the Antarctic Islands. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and organic carbon isotopes (delta 13 Corg) of two sedimentary columns IIL9 and IIL1 and aquatic algae in the Antarctic Islands were analyzed. The results show that the values of delta 13 Corg in IIL9 sediments vary from - 14.6% to - 11.6, with an average value of - 13.4 (n = 48), which is significantly higher than that in IIL1 sediments (- 23.2 20.4, with an average value of - 21.8) (n = 55), indicating that the organic matter sources of the two sediment columns are different. Comparing the delta 13Corg values of IIL9 and IIL1 sediments with the delta 13Corg data of different sources of organic matter and lake sediments from the Arctic and Arctic, the results show that the organic matter of IIL9 sediments is mainly from algae, while the low delta 13Corg values of IIL1 sediments indicate that the sediments are greatly affected by Penguin manure input. According to the literatures and the natural environment background of the study area, we think that the high value of There is a significant positive correlation. It is preliminarily deduced that the variation of primary productivity is related to the delta 13 Corg value in IIL9 sediments. Higher delta 13 Corg value corresponds to more aquatic algae growth. Therefore, the delta 13 Corg value can be used to indicate the change of primary productivity. The response of Antarctic penguins and seals to climate change is somewhat different. Morphological analysis of the ancient seal hairs preserved in the sediments of Cape Bird area of Ross Island shows that the species of seals living near the sampling sites are mainly elephant seals. Analysis of leopard hair and faecal sterols showed that seals lived here during the 1280-1660 AD period, which was the late optimum period for seals to survive. Simultaneously, about 2.7 Ka BP was found in the Marble Point area of southern Victoria, similar to the early optimum period for seals. The distribution of fatty acids in bio-faecal sediments in Cape Bird area was characterized by short-chain C16. The carbon isotope values of fatty acid monomers ranged from -34.7 to -28.5 and the isotope values of short-chain fatty acid monomers correlated with the input of bio-manure in the depth profile, indicating that the carbon isotope values of monomers were mainly derived from the input of bio-manure and other plant residues. It can not only clearly indicate the source of organic matter in sediments, but also be used to reconstruct paleo-ecological records.
【學位授予單位】：中國科學技術(shù)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X524
本文編號：2213019
[Abstract]:Antarctica is an important place for studying climate change and ecological environment response. Lacustrine sediments are considered as reliable carriers for reconstructing climate and ecological environment because of their high resolution and good chronological sequence. Application of organic geochemical indicators such as biomarkers and carbon isotopes in Antarctic paleoenvironment research The types, contents, distributions and carbon isotope compositions of biomarkers in lake sediments in Antarctica can indicate the changes of organic matter input and sedimentary environment, and reconstruct the evolutionary history of the ecological environment in the study area. Sediments from dung soil, near-surface sediments from the Fields Peninsula in the southwest Antarctica and lakes in the Rasmann Hills in the Southeast Antarctica, as well as better preserved bioremnants and some environmental media samples, were used to study lipids in lake sediments from a historical perspective by using organic biomarkers and carbon and nitrogen isotope geochemistry. Geochemical distribution characteristics of biomarkers and carbon and nitrogen isotopes and their climatic and ecological environmental changes. The main research contents and results are as follows: 1. Organic geochemical analysis of long-chain alkyl lipids in Antarctic Lake sediments. 4) Alkanes and long-chain alkanes with strong carboxylic predominance. Traditionally, long-chain alkyl lipids are believed to originate mainly from terrestrial vascular plants and are a major component of plant wax. Lipids and their monomers in sediments from Minghu Lake and Changhu Lake in the Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed and compared with lipid distribution and monomer carbon isotope characteristics of various environmental samples in Antarctica. The results showed that there were a lot of long-chain alkyl lipids in the sediments of both lakes (Daming Lake and Changhu Lake). The long-chain alkyl lipids in the sediments of the Antarctic Peninsula were mainly derived from the contribution of mosses and lichens, but the distribution of lichens around Daming Lake was scarce. The carbon isotope values of the samples also show that the long-chain alkyl lipids in the sediments of Daming Lake are mainly derived from the aquatic environment, most likely from the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) in the water or the microorganisms modifying the organic compounds derived from the lake algae, while the vascular plants modifying the organic compounds derived from the lake algae algae at high latitudes. The contribution of long-chain alkyl lipids to the lake environment in Antarctica can be neglected. 2. Organic geochemical analysis of fatty acids and sterols in fecal sediments from the Pufo Island area, Ross Sea, by the characteristics of lipids biomarkers in the fecal soil layer shows that short-chain C16 and C18 are the main peaks of fatty acids in BI sediment profiles. Alcohols are mainly fecal sterols. Cholesterol and iso-fecal sterols are used as alternative indicators of penguin and seal populations to reconstruct the changes of penguin and seal populations in historical periods. The results show that penguin and seal populations were observed in 1680-1770 AD and 1860 AD-to-date. The changes of phytosterol and chlorophyll a in depth profiles were similar to those in penguin and seal populations, indicating that the biological activities around the sampling sites were closely related to the development of the aquatic ecosystem of the lake. Characteristics of organic carbon isotopes in lake sediments and their ecological and environmental implications in the Antarctic Islands. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and organic carbon isotopes (delta 13 Corg) of two sedimentary columns IIL9 and IIL1 and aquatic algae in the Antarctic Islands were analyzed. The results show that the values of delta 13 Corg in IIL9 sediments vary from - 14.6% to - 11.6, with an average value of - 13.4 (n = 48), which is significantly higher than that in IIL1 sediments (- 23.2 20.4, with an average value of - 21.8) (n = 55), indicating that the organic matter sources of the two sediment columns are different. Comparing the delta 13Corg values of IIL9 and IIL1 sediments with the delta 13Corg data of different sources of organic matter and lake sediments from the Arctic and Arctic, the results show that the organic matter of IIL9 sediments is mainly from algae, while the low delta 13Corg values of IIL1 sediments indicate that the sediments are greatly affected by Penguin manure input. According to the literatures and the natural environment background of the study area, we think that the high value of There is a significant positive correlation. It is preliminarily deduced that the variation of primary productivity is related to the delta 13 Corg value in IIL9 sediments. Higher delta 13 Corg value corresponds to more aquatic algae growth. Therefore, the delta 13 Corg value can be used to indicate the change of primary productivity. The response of Antarctic penguins and seals to climate change is somewhat different. Morphological analysis of the ancient seal hairs preserved in the sediments of Cape Bird area of Ross Island shows that the species of seals living near the sampling sites are mainly elephant seals. Analysis of leopard hair and faecal sterols showed that seals lived here during the 1280-1660 AD period, which was the late optimum period for seals to survive. Simultaneously, about 2.7 Ka BP was found in the Marble Point area of southern Victoria, similar to the early optimum period for seals. The distribution of fatty acids in bio-faecal sediments in Cape Bird area was characterized by short-chain C16. The carbon isotope values of fatty acid monomers ranged from -34.7 to -28.5 and the isotope values of short-chain fatty acid monomers correlated with the input of bio-manure in the depth profile, indicating that the carbon isotope values of monomers were mainly derived from the input of bio-manure and other plant residues. It can not only clearly indicate the source of organic matter in sediments, but also be used to reconstruct paleo-ecological records.
【學位授予單位】：中國科學技術(shù)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X524
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