【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)集約化經(jīng)營(yíng)程度提高的同時(shí),面源污染問題開始凸顯,景觀格局與面源污染的變化有著密切的聯(lián)系。研究“源-匯”景觀格局與面源污染的關(guān)系,對(duì)于面源污染防治具有重要意義。以膠東蘋果主產(chǎn)區(qū)棲霞市為研究區(qū),分別在2016年5月份和9月份進(jìn)行實(shí)地采樣,采集了61個(gè)水質(zhì)樣本,測(cè)定分析全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、化學(xué)需氧量(COD)、銨態(tài)氮(NH4-N)、電導(dǎo)率(EC),借助SPSS和GIS技術(shù),分析了不同子流域、干支流的水環(huán)境質(zhì)量時(shí)空差異;以河流水質(zhì)指標(biāo)作為面源污染的指示物,利用相關(guān)分析分析了景觀異質(zhì)性與面源污染的關(guān)系;以此為基礎(chǔ),引入了反映生態(tài)過程的景觀空間負(fù)荷對(duì)比指數(shù),分析其與面源污染的關(guān)系,通過分區(qū)管理,提出管控措施,為棲霞市的面源污染治理提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)棲霞市6條主要河流的水質(zhì)指標(biāo)在不同時(shí)期表現(xiàn)出了一定的差異性,其中以TN超標(biāo)最為嚴(yán)重,遠(yuǎn)高于地表水v類標(biāo)準(zhǔn);同一河流不同斷面內(nèi)污染物濃度表現(xiàn)出了一定的時(shí)空差異性,從綜合污染指數(shù)來看,棲霞市水質(zhì)狀況總體較好,處于Ⅲ類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及以上的斷面共達(dá)到了94.73%;河流的干流和支流水質(zhì)狀況在5月份和9月份并無顯著差異性,各種水質(zhì)指標(biāo)的均值在5月份干流大于支流,在9月份則相反,支流大于干流。(2)棲霞市21個(gè)小流域各類用地面積比例差別較大,林地的面積占比為38.43%,是棲霞市土地利用最多的類型。土地利用面積比例與面源污染指標(biāo)具有一定的相關(guān)性。耕地、園地、建設(shè)用地和未利用地面積與面源污染指標(biāo)存在一定的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,是本流域內(nèi)的主要“源”型景觀。林地、草地和水域面積與面源污染指標(biāo)存在一定的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,是本流域內(nèi)的主要“匯”型景觀。其中耕地和園地與面源污染指標(biāo)的正相關(guān)性較大,林地與面源污染指標(biāo)的負(fù)相關(guān)性較大。(3)景觀格局指數(shù)與面源污染指標(biāo)具有一定的相關(guān)性,其相關(guān)性表明:景觀類型、景觀形狀越復(fù)雜,對(duì)各營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽具有一定的截留能力,水體越容易受到污染;該區(qū)域內(nèi)的優(yōu)勢(shì)景觀為匯景觀,且景觀異質(zhì)性越大,優(yōu)勢(shì)景觀林地的匯類型作用減弱,耕地和園地的源景觀作用加強(qiáng)。(4)源匯景觀空間負(fù)荷對(duì)比指數(shù)在區(qū)域內(nèi)表現(xiàn)出顯著的空間自相關(guān)性,且與流域內(nèi)各水質(zhì)指標(biāo)存在顯著正相關(guān)性,且TN、COD和電導(dǎo)率在兩個(gè)時(shí)期均存在極顯著相關(guān),可以作為反映面源污染的指示指標(biāo)。(5)通過對(duì)流域進(jìn)行非點(diǎn)源分區(qū),非點(diǎn)源污染分區(qū)圖與棲霞市垂直分異生態(tài)分區(qū)圖類似,呈現(xiàn)出西南-東北走向,重度污染區(qū)分布在西南部的丘陵糧-果綜合利用區(qū)上,面積為棲霞市的1/7,潛在污染區(qū)分布在亭口鎮(zhèn)、廟后鎮(zhèn)以及桃村鎮(zhèn)的低山林木保護(hù)區(qū),與輕度污染區(qū)、中度污染區(qū)的面積共占棲霞市總面積的80%,說明棲霞市的面源污染狀況總體較輕。(6)對(duì)比兩種分區(qū)模式,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),其整體上有著相同的分布趨勢(shì),但是,基于景觀空間負(fù)荷對(duì)比指數(shù)的分區(qū)所需要的數(shù)據(jù)量遠(yuǎn)低于基于多準(zhǔn)則分析的分區(qū),可以更方便的為非點(diǎn)源污染分區(qū)及治理提供理論依據(jù)�；诰坝^符合對(duì)比指數(shù)的分區(qū)圖,因地制宜的提出各種措施。在高LWLI區(qū)的河流出口處,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)“匯”景觀類型的保護(hù),增加植被緩沖帶,在坡地上植樹種草,對(duì)降水所攜帶的泥沙、營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽負(fù)荷起到一定的阻礙,加強(qiáng)對(duì)水體的保護(hù)。
[Abstract]:With the development of agricultural intensive management, the problem of non-point source pollution is becoming more and more serious, and the landscape pattern is closely related to the changes of non-point source pollution. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), electrical conductivity (EC) were measured and analyzed in 61 water samples collected in September and September. SPSS and GIS were used to analyze the spatial and temporal differences of water environmental quality in different sub-basins and tributaries. Based on the analysis of the relationship between landscape heterogeneity and non-point source pollution, the landscape spatial load contrast index reflecting ecological process was introduced, and the relationship between landscape spatial load contrast index and non-point source pollution was analyzed. The main river water quality indicators showed certain differences in different periods, TN exceeded the standard most seriously, far higher than the surface water V standard; the concentration of pollutants in different sections of the same river showed a certain spatio-temporal differences, from the comprehensive pollution index, the overall water quality of Qixia City is better, in the third category of standards and to the surface water V standard. The water quality of the main stream and its tributaries had no significant difference in May and September, and the mean values of various water quality indicators in May were larger than those of the tributaries, whereas in September, the tributaries were larger than those of the main stream. The ratio of land use area to non-point source pollution index has a certain correlation. Cultivated land, garden land, construction land and unused land have a certain positive correlation with non-point source pollution index, which is the main "source" landscape in the basin. There is a certain negative correlation between the indicators, which is the main "sink" landscape in the basin. The positive correlation between cultivated land and garden land and non-point source pollution indicators is greater, while the negative correlation between forest land and non-point source pollution indicators is greater. (3) Landscape pattern index and non-point source pollution indicators have a certain correlation, the correlation shows: landscape type, landscape shape. The more complex the shape is, the more easily the water is polluted. The dominant landscape in this area is sink landscape, and the greater the heterogeneity of landscape, the weaker the sink effect of dominant landscape forest land, and the stronger the role of source landscape of cultivated land and garden land. (4) The spatial load contrast index of source-sink landscape shows significant in the region. The spatial autocorrelation was significantly positively correlated with the water quality indexes, and TN, COD and conductivity were significantly correlated in both periods, which could be used as indicators of non-point source pollution. (5) The non-point source pollution zoning map was similar to the vertical ecological zoning map of Qixia. There is a southwest-northeast trend. The heavily polluted area is located in the hilly grain-fruit comprehensive utilization area in the southwest of China. The area is 1/7 of Qixia City. The potential polluted area is located in the low mountain forest protection area of Tingkou Town, Miaohou Town and Taocun Town. (6) Comparing the two zoning models, it can be found that they have the same distribution trend on the whole, but the data needed by the zoning based on landscape spatial load contrast index is far less than that based on multi-criteria analysis, which can provide a more convenient theoretical basis for non-point source pollution zoning and control. At the outlet of the river in the high LWLI area, we should strengthen the protection of the "sink" landscape type, increase the vegetation buffer zone, plant trees and grasses on the slopes, hinder the sediment and nutrient load carried by precipitation, and strengthen the protection of the water body.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X52

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