發(fā)布時間：2018-08-05 15:06

【摘要】：本研究主要通過對西安北郊西查寨村污灌區(qū)農耕地中土壤及其對應的三種農作物菜花、蘿卜、小白菜進行研究,選取同一區(qū)域采用地下水灌溉的蘋果園區(qū)域土壤做背景,通過測定污灌土壤顆粒組成、pH、氮、磷、有機質、過氧化氫酶活性和相對應三種作物株高和葉片面積來分別評價土壤的質量和農作物的受損狀況,再分別測定農田土壤重金屬全量及其對應的三種農作物不同部位的重金屬含量,最后對重金屬的賦存形態(tài)采用Tessier定義提取并進行綜合評估。實驗結果表明研究區(qū)土壤的重金屬含量顯著超標,不同元素在土壤中累積強度明顯不同,其順序為CdZnPbCu;污灌區(qū)土壤四種重金屬含量與非污灌區(qū)存在顯著性差異(P0.01),蘿卜(Raphanus sativus)和菜花(Ottelia acuminata)分別對于Cd和Cu具有很好的富集累積作用;三種農作物對于西安污灌區(qū)土壤的修復作用為蘿卜菜花小白菜(Brassica chinensis),不同農作物組織對于重金屬的積累分布部位為根莖、葉果實。4種土壤重金屬可交換態(tài)比例明顯不同,分別為蘿卜菜花小白菜蘋果,表明蘿卜和菜花較易吸收土壤重金屬。通過室外田間修復試驗結果表明,石灰石通過鈍化作用來影響土壤的理化性質和降低重金屬元素在土壤中的生物有效性,從而達到理想的修復效果。一定質量分數(shù)的石灰石對植物生長有促進作用,超過植物的最大耐受性,則起到抑制作用。在石灰石質量分數(shù)較小時候,對植物的株高、葉面積有比較明顯的促進作用;較高質量分數(shù)的濃度不利于植物生長。低濃度石灰石質量分數(shù)對小白菜的過氧化氫酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、游離脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量影響不是十分顯著,在加入質量分數(shù)為2%的石灰石土壤中,可以看到相比于未添加的和添加的1%質量分數(shù)的石灰石,對于重金屬的吸收明顯降低很多,其中對于重金屬Zn和Cd減低了分別為32.7%和56.01%。而大于4%的質量分數(shù)濃度小白菜體內過氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性顯著減低,而丙二醛及游離脯氨酸含量則持續(xù)升高。添加不同質量分數(shù)的石灰石能夠在不同程度下降低重金屬元素的在土壤及農作物的游離程度。綜上所述,根據(jù)不同農作物對不同重金屬吸收轉化的差異,在重金屬污染區(qū)土壤選擇適當?shù)霓r作物種類進行科學種植。達到了邊生產(chǎn)邊修復的目的,而且還提高了農作物的產(chǎn)量和質量,具有一定良好的生態(tài)效益和經(jīng)濟效益,也為西安市污灌區(qū)土壤環(huán)境質量評價和污灌區(qū)選種農作物提供理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:In this study, the soil and its corresponding three crops, cauliflower, radish and pakchoi, were studied in the farmland of Xichazhai Village sewage Irrigation area in the northern suburb of Xi'an, and the soil of the same area was selected as the background of the apple orchard area irrigated by groundwater. Soil quality and crop damage were evaluated by measuring soil particle composition pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, catalase activity, plant height and leaf area. The total amount of heavy metals in farmland soil and the contents of heavy metals in different parts of three crops were determined respectively. Finally, the occurrence forms of heavy metals were extracted by Tessier definition and evaluated synthetically. The results showed that the contents of heavy metals in the soil of the study area were significantly higher than the standard, and the accumulative strength of different elements in the soil was obviously different. The order was CdZnPbCu.The content of four heavy metals in polluted soil was significantly different from that in unpolluted irrigation area (P0.01). (Raphanus sativus) and (Ottelia acuminata) of radish and cauliflower had good accumulative effect on CD and Cu, respectively. The effects of three crops on soil remediation in Xi'an sewage Irrigation area were as follows: the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in different crop tissues of Brassica campestris (Brassica chinensis), was rhizome, and the exchangeable proportion of heavy metals in leaves and fruits was obviously different. The results showed that radish and cauliflower could easily absorb heavy metals in soil. The results of outdoor field remediation experiments showed that limestone could affect the physical and chemical properties of soil and reduce the bioavailability of heavy metal elements in soil by passivation so as to achieve an ideal remediation effect. Limestone of a certain mass fraction can promote the growth of plants, and exceed the maximum tolerance of plants, it can inhibit the growth of plants. When the limestone mass fraction was small, the plant height and leaf area were significantly promoted, and the higher concentration of limestone content was not conducive to plant growth. The effects of low concentration limestone content on catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, free proline content and malondialdehyde content were not significant. It can be seen that the absorption of heavy metals is much lower than that of limestone without adding and adding 1% mass fraction of heavy metals, among which Zn and CD are reduced by 32.7% and 56.01%, respectively. However, the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in Chinese cabbage were significantly decreased when the mass fraction concentration was more than 4%, while the content of malondialdehyde and free proline continued to increase. The addition of limestone with different mass fraction can reduce the dissociation of heavy metal elements in soil and crops to different extent. To sum up, according to the difference of absorption and transformation of different heavy metals by different crops, suitable crop types were selected for scientific planting in heavy metal contaminated areas. It has achieved the goal of repairing while producing, and has also improved the yield and quality of crops, which has certain good ecological and economic benefits. It also provides theoretical basis for evaluation of soil environmental quality and selection of crops in sewage irrigation area of Xi'an city.
【學位授予單位】：西北大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X53

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