江蘇宜興大港河水質(zhì)變化對(duì)苦草遺傳多樣性和遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)影響分析
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-05 13:42
【摘要】：太湖是中國(guó)五大淡水湖之一,位于長(zhǎng)江三角洲南緣。太湖流域人口密度大,工農(nóng)業(yè)迅速發(fā)展,生活污水、農(nóng)業(yè)廢水等排放量增加,導(dǎo)致流入污染物的總量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)太湖整體納污能力。太湖水質(zhì)持續(xù)為V類甚至劣V類,富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化程度嚴(yán)重。相關(guān)研究表明,入湖河道污染物的輸入是造成太湖污染的主要來(lái)源之一,由入湖河道輸入太湖的污染物占總量的80%,其中總氮輸入量達(dá)90%以上。對(duì)入湖河道的生態(tài)治理是控制太湖污染和富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的重要工程。太湖共連接200多條河流,其中大港河是主要入湖支流之一,位于宜興市丁蜀鎮(zhèn)大港村,全長(zhǎng)9.4km。河流兩岸由西至東分布有林地、農(nóng)田、村莊,是一條典型的集生活污水和農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的河流,水質(zhì)具有明顯的梯度變化特征。通過(guò)對(duì)大港河水質(zhì)變化進(jìn)行研究,可為大港河水生態(tài)修復(fù)和水資源管理提供參考依據(jù)。在富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化水體中,水生植物生長(zhǎng)、繁殖受到抑制,種群數(shù)量和種類大量減少,導(dǎo)致水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)失衡等嚴(yán)重生態(tài)問(wèn)題。水生植物中沉水植物對(duì)于環(huán)境變化的反應(yīng)較為敏感,對(duì)水環(huán)境質(zhì)量具有比較強(qiáng)的指示作用�？嗖�(Vallisneria natans)為水鱉科(Hydrocharitaceae)苦草屬多年生無(wú)莖沉水植物,是濕地生態(tài)修復(fù)的重要工具種之一。水體營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽濃度顯著影響苦草生長(zhǎng),當(dāng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽濃度過(guò)高時(shí),將會(huì)削弱苦草光合作用,降低苦草根系活力等。為探究大港河水質(zhì)梯度變化過(guò)程中,苦草種群數(shù)量減少以及其適應(yīng)性下降的遺傳基礎(chǔ)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)在大港河從源頭匯水區(qū)至入湖河口區(qū)采集水樣、苦草植株以及底泥,對(duì)樣品的氮、磷營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽含量變化進(jìn)行分析。同時(shí),采用nSSR和cpSSR微衛(wèi)星分子標(biāo)記研究大港河順流分布的6個(gè)苦草居群遺傳多樣性和遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)。得出以下主要結(jié)果:(1)大港河主河道各樣點(diǎn)7個(gè)指標(biāo)主要為逐漸增加的變化趨勢(shì)。根據(jù)《地表水環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB 3838—2002),大港河TN在第1樣點(diǎn)平均值為0.88 mg/L,優(yōu)于Ⅲ類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而第10樣點(diǎn)已高達(dá)4.76mg/L,為劣Ⅴ類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);水體中TP含量第1樣點(diǎn)為0.21mg/L,為Ⅲ類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而第10樣點(diǎn)上升至0.6 mg/L,,遠(yuǎn)高于Ⅴ類水標(biāo)準(zhǔn),為劣V類;COD、NH3-N、NO3-N、PO43-均值在六個(gè)樣點(diǎn)間呈明顯逐漸上升趨勢(shì),而溶解氧變化趨勢(shì)不明顯。在大港河主要7條入河支浜的水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果中,分布于農(nóng)田、村莊、林地的支浜,其TN為Ⅴ類-劣Ⅴ類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),TP總體為Ⅲ類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。大港河水質(zhì)由Ⅲ逐漸惡化為Ⅴ類-劣Ⅴ類。(2)6個(gè)樣點(diǎn)的苦草所含TN、TP含量變化趨勢(shì)是順著水流方向逐漸升高。樣點(diǎn)Ⅰ苦草TN為19 mg/g,至樣點(diǎn)Ⅵ升高為25.7 mg/g;樣點(diǎn)Ⅰ苦草所含TP含量為1.57 mg/g,樣點(diǎn)Ⅵ升高至2.46 mg/g。(3)底泥營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽在6個(gè)樣點(diǎn)間呈依次遞增的變化趨勢(shì),分別在樣點(diǎn)Ⅰ為最低值,而在樣點(diǎn)Ⅵ達(dá)到最高值。樣點(diǎn)Ⅰ底泥所含TN含量為0.8 mg/g,樣點(diǎn)Ⅵ升高至2.1 mg/g;樣點(diǎn)Ⅰ所含TP含量為0.632 mg/g,樣點(diǎn)Ⅵ升高為1.199 mg/g;樣點(diǎn)Ⅰ所含有機(jī)碳含量為10.3 mg/g,樣點(diǎn)Ⅵ升高為20.0 mg/g。(4)大港河六個(gè)苦草居群nSSR分析中,共檢測(cè)出140個(gè)等位基因,其中每個(gè)微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)有2—7個(gè)等位基因數(shù),并且7對(duì)有多型的引物共可擴(kuò)增出49個(gè)多態(tài)性片段,期望雜合度 He 分別為 0.436、0.375、0.353、0.298、0.294、0.297、0.342�？嗖菥尤篶pSSR分析中,共檢測(cè)出187個(gè)等位基因,其中每個(gè)位點(diǎn)有2—7個(gè)等位基因數(shù),平均為3.12個(gè),且10對(duì)有多型的引物共可擴(kuò)增出48個(gè)多態(tài)性片段,期望雜合度He結(jié)果分別為0.450、0.474、0.431、0.350、0.299、0.276。(5)核基因組遺傳分化系數(shù)Fst為0.0715,即苦草種群有92.85%的遺傳變異存在于種群內(nèi),僅有7.15%存在于種群間;葉綠體基因組遺傳分化系數(shù)Fst為0.0675,顯示有93.25%遺傳變異主要存在于種群內(nèi),6.75%的遺傳變異存在于種群間。(6)大港河流域人口密度大以及農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度高,導(dǎo)致生活污水和農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染增加,造成河流下游區(qū)水體惡化,富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化程度嚴(yán)重。苦草受高濃度營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽影響,其生存受到影響,種群遺傳多樣性水平降低,對(duì)環(huán)境變化的適應(yīng)能力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力減弱。
[Abstract]:Taihu is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China, located in the southern margin of the Yangtze River Delta. The population density of the Taihu river basin is large, industrial and agricultural rapid development, domestic sewage and agricultural wastewater increase, resulting in the total amount of pollutants flowing far more than the overall capacity of Taihu. The water quality in Taihu is V or even inferior V, and the degree of eutrophication is serious. Related research The study shows that the input of the pollutants in the river channel is one of the main sources of pollution in Taihu. The input of the pollutants into Taihu is 80% of the total amount, of which the total nitrogen input is over 90%. The ecological control of the river entry to the lake is an important project to control the pollution and eutrophication of Taihu. More than 200 rivers are connected in Taihu, including the Dagang The river, one of the main tributaries in the lake, is located in Dagang village, Dagang Town, Dagang Town, Yixing. The whole long 9.4km. river has forestland, farmland and village from west to East. It is a typical river with domestic sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution. The water quality has obvious gradient characteristics. Through the study of the quality of the river water, it can be used for the Dagang river. In eutrophic water, in eutrophic water, the growth and reproduction of aquatic plants are inhibited, the number and species of the population are reduced, and the water ecosystem is unbalance. The aquatic plants are sensitive to the environmental changes and have a strong finger on the quality of water environment. Vallisneria natans is a perennial non stem submerged plant of the genus Hydrocharitaceae. It is one of the important tools for the ecological restoration of the wetland. The concentration of nutrients in the water body significantly affects the growth of the sore grass. When the concentration of the nutrient salt is too high, it will weaken the photosynthesis of the sore grass and reduce the vitality of the root of the sore grass. In the process of water quality gradient change, the genetic basis of the decrease in the number of sac population and the decrease of its adaptability. In this experiment, the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus content in the samples were analyzed by collecting water samples, slime plants and sediment in the Dagang River from the source water area to the Lake estuary. In the same time, the nSSR and cpSSR microsatellite markers were used for the study. The main results are as follows: (1) the 7 indexes of the main channel of the main river of Dagang River are mainly increasing trend. According to the standard of surface water environmental quality (GB 3838 - 2002), the average value of Dagang River TN at first sample points is 0.88 mg/L, which is superior to class III water quality standard, and the third is higher than Class III water quality standard. The 10 point has been up to 4.76mg/L, which is a grade V water quality standard. The first sample point of water content in water is 0.21mg/L, which is class III water quality standard, and tenth sample points rise to 0.6 mg/L, which is far higher than Class V water standard, which is inferior V; COD, NH3-N, NO3-N, PO43- mean gradually rising trend between six samples, but the change trend of dissolved oxygen is not obvious. In Dagang In the water quality monitoring results of 7 Main River Branch Creek, the river water quality is distributed in farmland, village and woodland. The TN is class V - grade grade V water quality standard, and TP is class III water quality standard. The quality of Dagang river is gradually deteriorated to class V class V class V. (2) the 6 samples of bitter grass contain TN, and the trend of TP content change is gradually rising along the direction of water flow. The TN of point I was 19 mg/g, the sample point VI increased to 25.7 mg/g, the content of TP in the sample point I was 1.57 mg/g, the sample point VI increased to 2.46 mg/g. (3), and the nutrient salt in the sediment was increasing in turn, the lowest at the sample point I, and the highest value at the sample point vi. The content of TN contained in the sample point I was 0.8 mg/g. Point VI increased to 2.1 mg/g; the content of TP in sample point I was 0.632 mg/g, the sample point VI was raised to 1.199 mg/g; the content of organic carbon in sample point I was 10.3 mg/g, and the sample point VI increased to 20 mg/g. (4) nSSR analysis of six Dagang River, and 140 alleles were detected in each microsatellite site, and there were 2 to 7 alleles and 7 at each microsatellite site. 49 polymorphic fragments were amplified from the polymorphic primers. The expected heterozygosity He was 0.436,0.375,0.353,0.298,0.294,0.297,0.342. in the cpSSR analysis of 0.436,0.375,0.353,0.298,0.294,0.297,0.342., respectively. A total of 2 to 7 alleles per locus were detected at each site, with an average of 3.12, and 10 pairs of polymorphic primers could be amplified by 48 more. The desired heterozygosity He results were 0.450,0.474,0.431,0.350,0.299,0.276. (5) the genetic differentiation coefficient Fst of the nuclear genome was 0.0715, that is, 92.85% of the genetic variation existed in the species and only 7.15% existed in the population, and the genetic segregation coefficient of the chloroplast genome was 0.0675, indicating that there were 93.25% genetic variations. In the population, 6.75% of the genetic variation existed between the population. (6) the large population density and the high intensity of agricultural production activity in the Dagang River Basin resulted in the increase of sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution, resulting in the deterioration of the water body and the serious eutrophication in the lower reaches of the river. The level of diversity decreases, and the adaptability and competitiveness of environmental change are weakened.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X52;Q943.2
本文編號(hào)：2165969
[Abstract]:Taihu is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China, located in the southern margin of the Yangtze River Delta. The population density of the Taihu river basin is large, industrial and agricultural rapid development, domestic sewage and agricultural wastewater increase, resulting in the total amount of pollutants flowing far more than the overall capacity of Taihu. The water quality in Taihu is V or even inferior V, and the degree of eutrophication is serious. Related research The study shows that the input of the pollutants in the river channel is one of the main sources of pollution in Taihu. The input of the pollutants into Taihu is 80% of the total amount, of which the total nitrogen input is over 90%. The ecological control of the river entry to the lake is an important project to control the pollution and eutrophication of Taihu. More than 200 rivers are connected in Taihu, including the Dagang The river, one of the main tributaries in the lake, is located in Dagang village, Dagang Town, Dagang Town, Yixing. The whole long 9.4km. river has forestland, farmland and village from west to East. It is a typical river with domestic sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution. The water quality has obvious gradient characteristics. Through the study of the quality of the river water, it can be used for the Dagang river. In eutrophic water, in eutrophic water, the growth and reproduction of aquatic plants are inhibited, the number and species of the population are reduced, and the water ecosystem is unbalance. The aquatic plants are sensitive to the environmental changes and have a strong finger on the quality of water environment. Vallisneria natans is a perennial non stem submerged plant of the genus Hydrocharitaceae. It is one of the important tools for the ecological restoration of the wetland. The concentration of nutrients in the water body significantly affects the growth of the sore grass. When the concentration of the nutrient salt is too high, it will weaken the photosynthesis of the sore grass and reduce the vitality of the root of the sore grass. In the process of water quality gradient change, the genetic basis of the decrease in the number of sac population and the decrease of its adaptability. In this experiment, the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus content in the samples were analyzed by collecting water samples, slime plants and sediment in the Dagang River from the source water area to the Lake estuary. In the same time, the nSSR and cpSSR microsatellite markers were used for the study. The main results are as follows: (1) the 7 indexes of the main channel of the main river of Dagang River are mainly increasing trend. According to the standard of surface water environmental quality (GB 3838 - 2002), the average value of Dagang River TN at first sample points is 0.88 mg/L, which is superior to class III water quality standard, and the third is higher than Class III water quality standard. The 10 point has been up to 4.76mg/L, which is a grade V water quality standard. The first sample point of water content in water is 0.21mg/L, which is class III water quality standard, and tenth sample points rise to 0.6 mg/L, which is far higher than Class V water standard, which is inferior V; COD, NH3-N, NO3-N, PO43- mean gradually rising trend between six samples, but the change trend of dissolved oxygen is not obvious. In Dagang In the water quality monitoring results of 7 Main River Branch Creek, the river water quality is distributed in farmland, village and woodland. The TN is class V - grade grade V water quality standard, and TP is class III water quality standard. The quality of Dagang river is gradually deteriorated to class V class V class V. (2) the 6 samples of bitter grass contain TN, and the trend of TP content change is gradually rising along the direction of water flow. The TN of point I was 19 mg/g, the sample point VI increased to 25.7 mg/g, the content of TP in the sample point I was 1.57 mg/g, the sample point VI increased to 2.46 mg/g. (3), and the nutrient salt in the sediment was increasing in turn, the lowest at the sample point I, and the highest value at the sample point vi. The content of TN contained in the sample point I was 0.8 mg/g. Point VI increased to 2.1 mg/g; the content of TP in sample point I was 0.632 mg/g, the sample point VI was raised to 1.199 mg/g; the content of organic carbon in sample point I was 10.3 mg/g, and the sample point VI increased to 20 mg/g. (4) nSSR analysis of six Dagang River, and 140 alleles were detected in each microsatellite site, and there were 2 to 7 alleles and 7 at each microsatellite site. 49 polymorphic fragments were amplified from the polymorphic primers. The expected heterozygosity He was 0.436,0.375,0.353,0.298,0.294,0.297,0.342. in the cpSSR analysis of 0.436,0.375,0.353,0.298,0.294,0.297,0.342., respectively. A total of 2 to 7 alleles per locus were detected at each site, with an average of 3.12, and 10 pairs of polymorphic primers could be amplified by 48 more. The desired heterozygosity He results were 0.450,0.474,0.431,0.350,0.299,0.276. (5) the genetic differentiation coefficient Fst of the nuclear genome was 0.0715, that is, 92.85% of the genetic variation existed in the species and only 7.15% existed in the population, and the genetic segregation coefficient of the chloroplast genome was 0.0675, indicating that there were 93.25% genetic variations. In the population, 6.75% of the genetic variation existed between the population. (6) the large population density and the high intensity of agricultural production activity in the Dagang River Basin resulted in the increase of sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution, resulting in the deterioration of the water body and the serious eutrophication in the lower reaches of the river. The level of diversity decreases, and the adaptability and competitiveness of environmental change are weakened.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X52;Q943.2
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