本文選題：潮汐式 + 生物接觸氧化�。� 參考：《蘭州交通大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的快速發(fā)展,城鎮(zhèn)居民生活水平不斷提高,產(chǎn)生的生活污水量越來(lái)越大。對(duì)城市污水收集管網(wǎng)未遍及區(qū)域和農(nóng)村地區(qū)的分散式生活污水進(jìn)行就地處理,已成為控制水體污染的重要途徑。因此,在選擇分散式污水處理技術(shù)時(shí)既要因地制宜,選擇適合當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境條件的技術(shù),又要兼顧經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)合理性,選擇出水水質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,操作管理簡(jiǎn)單、投資、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低的技術(shù)。兼具活性污泥法與生物膜法二者優(yōu)點(diǎn)的生物接觸氧化工藝,被廣泛用于處理分散式生活污水,但是其在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中存在曝氣布水不均勻,容易出現(xiàn)死角的問(wèn)題�；诜稚⑹缴钗鬯幚砉に囈蠹吧锝佑|氧化工藝存在的不足,本文提出了潮汐式生物接觸氧化,采用“快速進(jìn)水-淹沒(méi)-快速排水-空置”的潮汐式運(yùn)行方式處理生活污水。其中,快速進(jìn)水相當(dāng)于“漲潮”過(guò)程,使污水流經(jīng)填料;淹沒(méi)階段污水與填料充分接觸,有機(jī)物吸附于生物膜;快速排水相當(dāng)于“退潮”過(guò)程,形成抽吸作用將空氣快速吸入反應(yīng)器中,為生物膜上微生物好氧降解污染物提供氧氣;空置階段微生物以被生物膜吸附有機(jī)物為底物,借助抽吸復(fù)氧供給的氧氣進(jìn)行高效降解,同時(shí)反應(yīng)器中形成的溶解氧濃度差也強(qiáng)化了氧的自然擴(kuò)散。潮汐過(guò)程中,排水后填料孔隙均被吸入空氣充滿(mǎn),使氧氣在反應(yīng)器里均勻分布,再次進(jìn)水時(shí)排擠出填料孔隙內(nèi)空氣使污水與生物膜充分接觸,不留死角。潮汐過(guò)程提高了生物接觸氧化反應(yīng)器的氧傳輸量和復(fù)氧能力,克服了傳統(tǒng)生物接觸氧化工藝布水、曝氣不易均勻,局部有死角的問(wèn)題。運(yùn)行過(guò)程中無(wú)需曝氣系統(tǒng),僅需消耗少量動(dòng)力實(shí)現(xiàn)潮汐,屬于低成本運(yùn)行工藝,可以有效降低運(yùn)行費(fèi)用。試驗(yàn)采用城市污泥再生填料,該填料具有孔隙率高、表面粗糙、易于附著生物膜的特點(diǎn),既滿(mǎn)足了生物接觸氧化法填料應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足的要求,又實(shí)現(xiàn)了城市污泥的再生利用。論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容與結(jié)論如下:(1)采用自然掛膜法啟動(dòng)潮汐式生物接觸氧化,在環(huán)境溫度15～21℃左右,DO2mg/L以上,淹沒(méi)空置時(shí)間比為1:3的條件下,掛膜15天后,COD_(cr)去除率穩(wěn)定在80%以上;到29天,氨氮去除率達(dá)到91.9%。此時(shí),系統(tǒng)對(duì)COD_(cr)、氨氮去除效果穩(wěn)定,標(biāo)志著掛膜成功,表明以城市污泥再生填料為載體的潮汐式生物接觸氧化反應(yīng)器在較低溫度下可以實(shí)現(xiàn)較快掛膜啟動(dòng)。(2)本試驗(yàn)研究了不同運(yùn)行條件潮汐式生物接觸氧化對(duì)生活污水中有機(jī)物的去除效果,結(jié)果表明在進(jìn)水水質(zhì)波動(dòng)大的情況下,出水水質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,對(duì)污水中COD_(cr)處理效率高,表明系統(tǒng)抗沖擊負(fù)荷能力強(qiáng)。通過(guò)考察不同運(yùn)行條件的潮汐式生物接觸氧化對(duì)生活污水中有機(jī)物去除效果,對(duì)比分析不同淹沒(méi)空置時(shí)間比、處理時(shí)間對(duì)處理效果的影響。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明較大的淹沒(méi)空置時(shí)間比更有利于有機(jī)物去除,原因是潮汐次數(shù)相同時(shí)較大的淹沒(méi)空置時(shí)間比對(duì)應(yīng)的淹沒(méi)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),從而強(qiáng)化了淹沒(méi)時(shí)生物膜對(duì)污染物的吸附,使吸附更加充分;不同處理時(shí)間的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,反應(yīng)器中COD_(cr)的降解主要發(fā)生在處理周期的前段,后段以生物膜的更新再生為主,根據(jù)處理水質(zhì)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚頃r(shí)間既能滿(mǎn)足去除COD_(cr)的要求,又可以使生物膜充分再生,從而有利于下一周期的吸附,使該工藝整體處理效果較好。(3)為實(shí)現(xiàn)去除有機(jī)物的同時(shí)脫氮的目的,本試驗(yàn)在潮汐式生物接觸氧化反應(yīng)器中設(shè)置了潮汐區(qū)、淹沒(méi)區(qū)為脫氮提供條件,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,對(duì)氨氮的去除效果較好,6種運(yùn)行條件平均去除率在72%以上,最高可達(dá)99.4%。試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中硝氮積累量明顯低于氨氮去除量,表明在去除氨氮的同時(shí)存在N損失,說(shuō)明反應(yīng)器中發(fā)生了同步硝化反硝化。對(duì)比不同淹沒(méi)空置時(shí)間比的氨氮效果發(fā)現(xiàn)較大的淹沒(méi)空置時(shí)間比有利于去除氨氮;溫度低于15℃時(shí),對(duì)硝化反應(yīng)有明顯的抑制,氨氮去除效果僅為72.4%(C2段)。生物膜硝化、反硝化強(qiáng)度實(shí)驗(yàn)表明反應(yīng)器上部潮汐區(qū)為硝化區(qū),反應(yīng)器中無(wú)明顯反硝化區(qū)。由潮汐式生物接觸氧化處理生活污水去除COD_(cr)、氨氮試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知在進(jìn)水COD_(cr)為175.9～386.8 mg/L、氨氮為34.2～51.6 mg/L時(shí)選擇淹沒(méi)空置時(shí)間比為1:1,處理時(shí)間為24h的運(yùn)行條件C1,可以獲得較好的COD_(cr)去除效果,同時(shí)氨氮去除效果也較好。(4)對(duì)反應(yīng)器生物膜特性進(jìn)行研究,從微生物角度揭示潮汐式生物接觸氧化的去除機(jī)理。顯微鏡觀察潮汐式生物接觸氧化生物膜,發(fā)現(xiàn)大量菌膠團(tuán)及多種原、后生動(dòng)物及微型動(dòng)物,說(shuō)明生物膜微生物相豐富。生物膜上多種細(xì)菌、原、后生動(dòng)物等微生物間存在穩(wěn)定的捕食-被捕食關(guān)系,維系了較長(zhǎng)的食物鏈。(5)通過(guò)測(cè)定揮發(fā)性生物膜量及生物膜微生物呼吸速率確定了潮汐式生物接觸氧化反應(yīng)器生物膜量及膜活性,生物膜量折算成MLSS達(dá)18.01g/L,高于傳統(tǒng)生物接觸氧化;呼吸速率為40.2kgCO2/kg活性生物膜·d,表明反應(yīng)器內(nèi)生物膜量大且膜活性高。(6)本試驗(yàn)采用Biolog-ECO方法對(duì)潮汐式生物接觸氧化反應(yīng)器長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行過(guò)程中生物膜微生物碳源代謝特征進(jìn)行分析,進(jìn)一步解析潮汐式生物接觸氧化凈化機(jī)理。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明潮汐式生物接觸氧化反應(yīng)器中生物膜微生物對(duì)應(yīng)的易利用碳源與生活污水中碳源組成基本一致,正是由于微生物生存環(huán)境中豐富的易利用碳源使生物膜微生物快速生長(zhǎng)繁殖,且群落多樣、物種豐富。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of urbanization in China, the living standard of urban residents is increasing and the amount of domestic sewage is becoming more and more large. The treatment of scattered domestic sewage from the urban sewage collection pipe network which has not spread throughout the region and rural areas has become an important way to control the pollution of the water body. Therefore, the choice of decentralized sewage treatment is chosen. The technology not only should be adapted to local conditions, but also choose the technology suitable for the local environment conditions, but also take into account the economic and technical rationality, and choose the technology of stable water quality, simple operation and management, investment and low operating cost. The biological contact oxidation process with the advantages of the active sludge process and the biofilm method is widely used in the treatment of dispersed domestic sewage. However, in the course of operation, there is an uneven distribution of aeration water and the problem of dead angle. Based on the requirements of the treatment process of dispersed domestic sewage and the deficiency of the biological contact oxidation process, this paper puts forward the tidal biological contact oxidation, and uses the "fast influent submerged fast drainage empty" tidal operation mode. The rapid influent is equivalent to the "flood tide" process, which makes the sewage flow through the packing; the sewage and the filler are fully exposed in the submerged stage, and the organic matter is adsorbed on the biofilm; the rapid drainage is equivalent to the "ebb tide" process, forming the suction in the air fast inhalation reactor to provide oxygen for the aerobic degradation pollutants on the biofilm; In the vacancy stage, the microorganism is used as the substrate for the adsorption of organic matter by the biofilm, and the oxygen is degraded efficiently with the oxygen supplied by the suction and reoxygenation. At the same time, the difference of dissolved oxygen in the reactor also strengthens the natural diffusion of oxygen. In the tide process, the pore of the packing is filled with air, so that the oxygen is evenly distributed in the reactor and reentered into the reactor. In the water, the air is extruded in the pore air to make the sewage fully contact with the biofilm without leaving the dead angle. The tide process improves the oxygen transfer and reoxygenation capacity of the biological contact oxidation reactor, overcomes the problem of the traditional biological contact oxidation process, is not easy to be evenly aerated and has a local dead angle. No aeration system is needed during the operation process, and only need to be consumed. A small amount of power to realize the tide, which belongs to the low cost operation process, can effectively reduce the operating cost. The experiment adopts the urban sludge regenerating packing, which has the characteristics of high porosity, rough surface and easy attachment to biological membrane, which not only satisfies the requirements of the biological contact oxidation method, but also realizes the regeneration and utilization of the municipal sludge. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) using the natural membrane method to start the tidal biological contact oxidation, the removal rate of COD_ (CR) is stable over 80% at the ambient temperature of about 15~21 degrees C, DO2mg/L above and the vacancy time ratio of 1:3, and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen reaches 91.9%. at the 29 day, and COD_ (CR), ammonia nitrogen goes to the system. In addition, the effect is stable, indicating the success of the film hanging. It shows that the tidal biological contact oxidation reactor which takes the regenerated sludge as the carrier of the municipal sludge can realize the rapid film starting at a lower temperature. (2) the effect of the removal of organic matter in the polluted water by the tidal biological contact oxidation in different operating conditions is studied in this experiment. The results show that the influent is in the water. Under the condition of high water quality, the water quality is stable and the treatment efficiency of COD_ (CR) in sewage is high, which indicates that the system has a strong ability to resist impact load. By investigating the removal efficiency of organic matter in domestic sewage by observing the different operating conditions, the effects of different submergence time ratio and treatment time on the treatment effect are compared and analyzed. The test results show that the larger inundation time is more beneficial to the removal of organic matter, the reason is that the larger inundation time is longer than the corresponding submerged time when the times of the tide are the same, thus strengthening the adsorption of pollutants in the submerged biofilm and making the adsorption more sufficient; the experimental results of different treatment time show that the COD_ (c) in the reactor has been shown. The degradation of R mainly occurs in the front of the treatment cycle, the latter is mainly the regeneration and regeneration of the biofilm. According to the treatment time, the appropriate treatment time can not only satisfy the requirement of removing COD_ (CR), but also make the biofilm fully regenerated, thus it is beneficial to the adsorption of the next cycle, and the whole treatment effect is better. (3) the removal is achieved. For the purpose of simultaneous denitrification of the machine, the tidal zone was set in the tidal biological contact oxidation reactor. The submerged area was the condition of nitrogen removal. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was better. The average removal rate of 6 operating conditions was above 72% and the maximum was up to 99.4%. The accumulation of nitrate and nitrogen in the test process was obviously lower than the ammonia nitrogen removal. It shows that there is N loss in the removal of ammonia nitrogen at the same time, indicating that synchronous nitrification and denitrification occurs in the reactor. The effect of ammonia nitrogen on different submergence time ratio is found to be better than ammonia nitrogen. When the temperature is lower than 15, the nitrification reaction is obviously inhibited and the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen is only 72.4% (C2 section). The experiment of nitrification and denitrification showed that the tidal zone in the upper part of the reactor was nitrification area, and there was no obvious denitrification zone in the reactor. COD_ (CR) was removed by tidal biological contact oxidation treatment. The results of ammonia nitrogen test showed that the influent COD_ (CR) was 175.9 ~ 386.8 mg/L, and when ammonia nitrogen was 34.2 ~ 51.6 mg/L, the choice of submergence vacancy time was 1:1, The removal efficiency of COD_ (CR) can be obtained with a running condition of 24h (C1), and the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen is also better. (4) the biological membrane characteristics of the reactor are studied. The removal mechanism of tidal biological contact oxidation is revealed from the microbiological angle. A variety of original, metazoan and microanimals, indicating that biofilm is rich in microbial phase. There are stable predator-prey relationships among a variety of bacteria, probiotic, metazoan and other microorganisms on the biofilm. (5) tidal biological contact oxidation is determined by determining the amount of volatile biofilm and the rate of biofilm respiration. The biomass and membrane activity of the reactor were converted to MLSS up to 18.01g/L, which was higher than that of the traditional biological contact oxidation. The respiration rate was 40.2kgCO2/kg active biofilm. D, indicating that the biofilm was large and the membrane activity was high in the reactor. (6) the Biolog-ECO method was used in the long-term operation of the biological contact oxidation reactor of the tidal type. The characteristics of carbon source metabolism of membrane microorganism were analyzed, and the mechanism of biological contact oxidation purification was further analyzed. The experimental results showed that the carbon source corresponding to biofilm microorganisms in the biological contact oxidation reactor was basically consistent with the carbon source in domestic sewage, and it was the abundant easy to use carbon in the living environment of the microorganism. The source makes the biofilm microorganism grow rapidly and propagate, and the community is diverse, the species is rich.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X799.3

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