本文選題：畜禽糞便　切入點：堆肥　出處：《安徽大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：畜禽糞便中重金屬含量嚴(yán)重超標(biāo),這些重金屬極易隨施肥進(jìn)入農(nóng)田土壤,長期施用使得土壤中Cu、Zn等重金屬含量日益增加;且重金屬會隨土壤徑流污染地表及地下水,危及人類健康。本研究以廉價易得的粉煤灰為鈍化劑,通過堆肥試驗、pH-依賴性浸出試驗、盆栽實驗及室內(nèi)柱淋溶實驗研究粉煤灰對畜禽糞便中重金屬有效性的影響;探究粉煤灰對堆肥過程重金屬的鈍化作用,分析有機(jī)肥中重金屬的浸出特性,評價土壤-蔬菜系統(tǒng)中重金屬的遷移及對人體的影響,模擬有機(jī)肥重金屬在土壤中的淋溶特征,為畜禽糞便的資源化無害化和降低畜禽糞便重金屬的環(huán)境效應(yīng)利用提供理論依據(jù)及技術(shù)支持。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)堆肥過程中添加粉煤灰可降低Cu、Zn的有效性并促進(jìn)腐殖質(zhì)由水溶態(tài)向更為穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化。堆肥過程腐殖質(zhì)總量降低,HA/FA比值增加。腐殖質(zhì)的變化影響Cu、Zn的有效性,堆肥過程Cu和Zn的有效態(tài)含量均有所降低,Cu-OM 和 Cu-RES 的分配率達(dá) 90%以上。Zn-Fe/Mn OX、Zn-OM 和 Zn-RES 的分配率達(dá)75%以上,較為穩(wěn)定。添加粉煤灰的F5組有機(jī)結(jié)合態(tài)Cu分配率由82.82%增至84.18%,殘渣態(tài)Zn較堆肥前后增幅為18.97%,表明粉煤灰對鋅的鈍化效果較好。(2)堆肥的浸出實驗表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的pH依賴性,中性條件下(pH6-8),Cu、Zn和DOM的浸出濃度低;在酸性(pH6)和堿性(pH8)環(huán)境中,Cu、Zn和DOM的浸出濃度高,且在實驗pH范圍內(nèi),Cu的浸出濃度整體高于Zn的浸出濃度。添加鈍化劑影響重金屬的浸出特性,Cu、Zn浸出行為與實驗材料及DOM的浸出濃度有關(guān)。在3-9的pH范圍內(nèi),添加粉煤灰可降低Cu和Zn的浸出濃度。(3)盆栽實驗表明施用有機(jī)肥可顯著增加植物鮮重、株高和根長,但不同處理條件下油菜的重金屬富集系數(shù)不同,添加粉煤灰堆肥可以降低油菜生物富集系數(shù)。盆栽后的HE、HM較盆栽前均降低了 30%以上,有機(jī)結(jié)合態(tài)Cu顯著降低,鐵錳氧化物結(jié)合態(tài)Zn顯著增加。與施用不含鈍化劑的堆肥相比,施用含鈍化劑的盆栽處理中鐵錳氧化物結(jié)合態(tài)的銅含量顯著較高;且添加粉煤灰可能會影響土壤中腐殖質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)而影響土壤肥力。(4)室內(nèi)柱淋溶模擬實驗表明添加粉煤灰可減少土壤中重金屬浸出;淋溶前后土壤中重金屬總量顯著降低,其中施10%F5肥的處理淋溶前后土壤中Cu、Zn含量變化差異不顯著。濾液中Zn的淋溶濃度遠(yuǎn)高于銅的淋溶濃度。Cu和Zn在浸出實驗中的行為一致,均由高到低減小,粉煤灰的多孔結(jié)構(gòu)使得5%粉煤灰堆肥處理中重金屬淋溶濃度較CK堆肥處理偏低。
[Abstract]:The content of heavy metals in feces of livestock and poultry exceeded the standard seriously, these heavy metals could easily enter farmland soil with fertilization, and the contents of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn and other heavy metals in soil would increase day by day, and heavy metals would pollute the surface and groundwater with soil runoff.Endanger human health.In this study, the effects of fly ash on the availability of heavy metals in animal feces were studied by composting experiment, pH dependent leaching test, pot experiment and column leaching experiment.The passivation effect of fly ash on heavy metals in compost process was studied, the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in organic manure were analyzed, the migration of heavy metals in soil-vegetable system and their effects on human body were evaluated, and the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in soil were simulated.It provides theoretical basis and technical support for the harmless utilization of animal manure and the reduction of environmental effects of heavy metals in livestock and poultry feces.The main conclusions are as follows: (1) addition of fly ash in composting process can reduce the availability of Cu ~ (2 +) Zn and promote the transformation of humus from water-soluble state to more stable state.The total humus content decreased and the ratio of HA / FA increased during composting.The available state contents of Cu and Zn in composting process were reduced to more than 90%. The distribution rates of Zn-FeR / Mn-OXOXO / Zn-OM and Zn-RES were more than 75%.The distribution rate of organic bound Cu in F5 group increased from 82.82% to 84.18%, and the residual Zn increased 18.97% compared with that before and after composting, indicating that fly ash has a strong pH dependence on the leaching of zinc passivated compost.The leaching concentrations of Cu ~ (2 +) and Cu ~ (2 +) were lower in neutral condition than those in pH _ (6) and alkaline (pH _ (8)), and the leaching concentration of Cu _ (2 +) was higher than that of Zn in the range of experimental pH (pH = 6 ~ (8)) and alkaline (pH _ (8)) respectively, and the leaching concentration of Cu ~ (2 +) was higher than that of Zn in the pH range of experiment.The influence of passivating agent on the leaching characteristics of heavy metals is related to the leaching concentration of DOM and experimental materials.In the range of 3-9 pH, adding fly ash decreased the leaching concentration of Cu and Zn. The pot experiment showed that organic fertilizer could significantly increase plant fresh weight, plant height and root length, but the enrichment coefficient of heavy metals in rape was different under different treatment conditions.The addition of fly ash compost can reduce the bioaccumulation coefficient of rape.After pot planting, HM decreased by more than 30%, organic bound Cu decreased significantly, and Fe and mn oxide bound Zn increased significantly.Compared with the compost without passivating agent, the copper content of iron-manganese oxide in potted plants with passivating agent was significantly higher than that of compost without passivator, and the humus structure in soil might be affected by adding fly ash.The indoor column leaching simulation experiment shows that the addition of fly ash can reduce the heavy metal leaching in the soil, and the total heavy metal content in the soil before and after leaching is significantly reduced.There was no significant difference in the content of Cu + Zn in soil before and after leaching with 10 fertilizer.The leaching concentration of Zn in filtrate was much higher than that of copper. The behavior of Cu and Zn in leaching experiment was the same, which decreased from high to low. The porous structure of fly ash made the leaching concentration of heavy metal in 5% fly ash compost lower than that in CK compost.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X53;X713

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