本文關(guān)鍵詞：龍口市污灌區(qū)農(nóng)田重金屬遙感監(jiān)測(cè)研究　出處：《山東師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 污灌區(qū) 農(nóng)田重金屬 遙感監(jiān)測(cè) 來源解析 污染評(píng)價(jià)

【摘要】：土壤,在社會(huì)生產(chǎn)生活中扮演者不可或缺的重要角色,其質(zhì)量直接決定了農(nóng)作物的品質(zhì)乃至人類健康。然而隨著人口的爆發(fā)式增長及工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,越來越多的“三廢”等有害物質(zhì)通過多種途徑在土壤中積累,造成土壤污染,進(jìn)而影響生長在土地上的作物,其中使用污水對(duì)農(nóng)田進(jìn)行灌溉而導(dǎo)致農(nóng)田重金屬污染的事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。生活廢水中含有較多的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),可以在緩解灌溉用水不足的同時(shí)改善土壤肥力、促進(jìn)作物生長,但工業(yè)廢水的重金屬等有害物質(zhì)成分偏多,長期灌溉勢(shì)必會(huì)引起重金屬在土壤及作物體內(nèi)的過度積累;而重金屬在土壤中難以轉(zhuǎn)化分解,危害性持久,因此如何快速高效地監(jiān)測(cè)污灌區(qū)農(nóng)田的重金屬含量水平及做出合理的污染評(píng)價(jià)成為當(dāng)前的研究熱點(diǎn)。相比于傳統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)手段,遙感技術(shù)以其實(shí)效性、非侵入性及覆蓋范圍廣等特點(diǎn),為農(nóng)田重金屬的監(jiān)測(cè)與評(píng)價(jià)提供了新的解決思路。本文以山東省龍口市北部平原為研究區(qū),在國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“基于地表參量的污水灌溉區(qū)農(nóng)田生態(tài)安全遙感監(jiān)測(cè)研究”(No.41371395),山東省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“龍口礦區(qū)及周邊海岸帶遙感監(jiān)測(cè)研究”(魯勘字[2012]110號(hào))、“山東省焦家金成礦區(qū)及周邊礦區(qū)環(huán)境地質(zhì)遙感調(diào)查研究”(魯勘字[2013]141號(hào))和“黃河三角洲高效生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)海咸水入侵調(diào)查與監(jiān)控預(yù)警系統(tǒng)建設(shè)”(魯勘字[2011]14號(hào)),以及山東省國土廳項(xiàng)目“山東省國土資源遙感波譜庫建設(shè)項(xiàng)目”的共同支撐之下,采集72個(gè)土壤樣品及42個(gè)玉米葉片樣品進(jìn)行光譜實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)量,并化驗(yàn)重金屬Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、As、Cd和Hg的含量。對(duì)原始光譜進(jìn)行了光譜變換,提取了一階微分(RD1)、去包絡(luò)線(CR)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正態(tài)變量(SNV)及多重散射校正(MSC)4種光譜指標(biāo),分別利用逐步回歸和偏最小二乘回歸等多種分析方法建立了土壤和玉米葉片重金屬含量的高光譜估測(cè)模型;利用地統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)及主成分分析法探究了8種重金屬的空間分布特征及可能性來源;以內(nèi)梅羅綜合指數(shù)、污染負(fù)荷指數(shù)和潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù)為參考指標(biāo),評(píng)價(jià)了研究區(qū)土壤污染狀況及潛在危害程度;最后針對(duì)龍口市污灌區(qū)的農(nóng)田污染現(xiàn)狀提出了相應(yīng)的防治建議與對(duì)策。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)土壤元素中Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的建模效果最好;Cr的最佳光譜指標(biāo)為SNV、Zn為去包絡(luò)線,其余元素均為一階微分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù);所有重金屬中7種元素的逐步回歸模型更優(yōu)。玉米葉片中Zn、Cd和Hg的模型效果比較理想;除Cd元素外最佳建模指標(biāo)同樣為RD1光譜,且最佳模型中逐步回歸模型數(shù)量高于其他方法。因此可以認(rèn)為一階微分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)可以有效地提高建模精度,而逐步回歸法更適合本次研究。玉米葉片光譜對(duì)土壤重金屬Pb和Cd的預(yù)測(cè)效果比較理想,R2均達(dá)到0.5以上,表明植物葉片光譜可以在一定程度上反映土壤的重金屬污染狀況。(2)土壤重金屬除Cr與Ni外,其余元素的空間分布存在一定差異,但東北部工業(yè)區(qū)及中部人口密集區(qū)為主要的高值區(qū)域,說明重金屬含量受人為活動(dòng)擾動(dòng)較大。玉米與土壤對(duì)應(yīng)元素的空間分布特征并不相似,其中Cd的高值區(qū)位于研究區(qū)南部,而其余元素高值區(qū)出現(xiàn)在北部及東部的部分島狀區(qū)域。玉米葉片中的重金屬含量受到化肥農(nóng)藥施用等隨機(jī)干擾的可能性更大。(3)多種重金屬間存在比較顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系,表明可能擁有相同的來源,主成分分析則進(jìn)一步解析了各種來源。土壤重金屬共辨識(shí)出3個(gè)主成分,主成分1代表自然源因子,主要包含Cr和Ni元素;主成分2代表交通及工業(yè)源因子,包含Cu和Zn元素;主成分3代表工農(nóng)業(yè)源因子,主要包含Cd和Pb;As和Hg則是受到自然和工農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)的雙重影響。玉米葉片同樣辨別出3種來源,As和Cd與化肥農(nóng)藥的施用有關(guān),Cu和Zn多源于植物本身,用于葉綠素合成、光合與呼吸等生理活動(dòng),而Cr、Ni、Pb和Hg受工業(yè)活動(dòng)影響。(4)內(nèi)梅羅綜合指數(shù)及污染負(fù)荷指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果顯示,研究區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤主要處于中等污染水平,各別地區(qū)存在點(diǎn)源污染;而潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明,農(nóng)田土壤的生態(tài)危害性不高,為輕微水平。評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果空間化表達(dá)后顯示,污染較嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)與土壤重金屬的普遍高值區(qū)分布比較一致,集中分布于東北部和龍口港工業(yè)區(qū)及中部人口密集的城區(qū)�？傮w來說,龍口市污灌區(qū)農(nóng)田重金屬的污染程度并不嚴(yán)重,但已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)明顯富集的態(tài)勢(shì)。針對(duì)研究區(qū)現(xiàn)狀,本文在土壤修復(fù)、土壤環(huán)境監(jiān)管、保護(hù)與立法及減少污水灌溉方面提出了幾點(diǎn)對(duì)策建議,以期為該地區(qū)的農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境改善提供一定的理論指導(dǎo)。
[Abstract]:The soil plays an indispensable role in social production and life of its quality directly determines the quality of crops and human health. However, with the rapid development of the explosive growth of population and industry, more and more of the "three wastes" and other harmful substances through a variety of ways in the accumulation of soil, cause soil pollution, thereby affecting the growth of in the land of the crops, including the use of sewage for irrigation of farmland caused heavy metal pollution incidents have occurred. More nutrients contained in domestic wastewater, can improve soil fertility in reducing irrigation water is not sufficient at the same time, promote crop growth, but the industrial wastewater of heavy metals and other harmful substances ingredients partial, long-term irrigation it will cause excessive accumulation of heavy metals as object in soil and heavy metals in the soil; and the difficult transformation of decomposition, harm of lasting, so how to fast High speed monitoring of sewage irrigation farmland and pollution evaluation of heavy metal contents to make reasonable become the focus of current research. Compared with the traditional monitoring method, remote sensing technology to its effectiveness, non intrusive features and wide coverage, which provides a new method for the monitoring and evaluation of heavy metals in farmland in Shandong province. The northern part of Longkou City plain as the study area, in the National Natural Science Fund Project "sewage irrigation farmland ecological security study on remote sensing monitoring of surface parameters based on" (No.41371395), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Fund Project "in Longkou mining area and the surrounding coastal zone based on remote sensing monitoring" (Lu Kan word [2012]110), "Shandong Province Jiao Jiajin research remote sensing investigation of environmental geology in mining area and the surrounding area" (Lu Kan [2013]141) and "the Yellow River delta efficient ecological economic zone of sea salt water intrusion investigation and monitoring alarm system The construction of "(Lu Kan word [2011]14), under the support and the Shandong Provincial Committee of Shandong province project" land resources remote sensing spectral library construction project ", 72 soil samples and 42 maize leaf samples for spectroscopy laboratory measurements, and testing the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, content the Cd and Hg. The original spectra of spectral transform, extract the first derivative (RD1), to the envelope (CR), standard normal variate (SNV) and multiple scattering correction (MSC) 4 spectral index respectively using multiple stepwise regression and partial least squares regression analysis method is established for hyperspectral the estimation model of heavy metal content in soil and maize leaves; method to explore the distribution characteristics and possible source of 8 kinds of heavy metals spatial analysis using statistical techniques and principal components; within the Merrow index, pollution load index and potential ecological risk index as the reference index, evaluation The price of the soil pollution in the study area and potential hazards; finally, the corresponding suggestions and Countermeasures of prevention and control of pollution of farmland according to the present situation of Longkou City sewage irrigation area. The main results are as follows: (1) soil elements Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, the best modeling effect; optimal spectral index of Cr is SNV, Zn to go the envelope, the remaining elements are first order differential data; stepwise regression model of all 7 elements in the heavy metal better. Maize leaf Zn, Cd and Hg model effect is ideal; except Cd the best model for the same RD1 spectral index, and the best model in the regression model is higher than that of other methods. Therefore, the number of you can think of first order differential data can effectively improve the modeling accuracy, and stepwise regression method is more suitable for this study. The prediction effect of maize leaf spectra of soil heavy metal Pb and Cd ideal, R2 reached more than 0.5, that of plant leaves Slice spectrum can reflect the status of soil heavy metal pollution in a certain extent. (2) soil heavy metals except Cr and Ni, there are some differences in the distribution of the remaining elements of the space, but the northeast industrial areas and densely populated areas in central high value area, that the content of heavy metals by human activities greatly. Maize and soil disturbance the spatial distribution of the corresponding elements are not similar, the Cd high value area located in the south of the study area, while the remaining elements of the high concentration area in the northern and eastern part of the island region. The heavy metal content in maize leaves by chemical fertilizer and pesticide application possibility of random interference more. (3) the relationship between comparison a significant variety of heavy metal, that may have the same source, principal component analysis is further analyzed. Various sources of soil heavy metals were identified 3 principal components, principal components representing 1 natural source factors, mainly Contains the Cr and Ni elements; principal component of 2 representative traffic and industrial sources of factors, including Cu and Zn elements; principal component 3 represents the industrial and agricultural sources factor, including Cd and Pb; As and Hg are affected by natural and industrial and agricultural activities. The same maize leaves identify 3 sources, As and Cd with the fertilizer and pesticides, Cu and Zn - from the plant itself, for the synthesis of chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration and other physiological activities, while Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg by industrial activities. (4) the evaluation results of Nemero index and pollution load index showed that the soil in the study area mainly in the middle level of pollution there are several regions, point source pollution; and the potential ecological risk index evaluation results showed that the soil ecological risk is not high, a slight spatial expression level. The evaluation results showed that the serious pollution of heavy metals in the soil area and the general distribution of high value area comparison , concentrated in the northeast and Longkou Port Industrial Zone and central densely populated urban areas. In general, the pollution degree of heavy metals in farmland sewage irrigation area of Longkou City is not serious, but there is an obvious enrichment trend. According to the status of the study area, the soil remediation, soil environmental regulation, put forward some countermeasures and suggestions on protection and the legislation and reduce sewage irrigation, in order to provide some theoretical guidance for the improvement of farmland ecological environment in this area.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X87

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 李力生;彭瑪麗;;高光譜遙感數(shù)據(jù)在農(nóng)作物重金屬脅迫調(diào)查中的應(yīng)用[J];安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2016年24期

2 張龍龍;吳泉源;劉碩;周歷媛;蔡?hào)|全;;龍口市污灌區(qū)鉛含量高光譜監(jiān)測(cè)研究[J];環(huán)境工程;2015年08期

3 劉碩;吳泉源;張龍龍;蔡?hào)|全;周歷媛;劉娜;曹學(xué)江;;基于野外實(shí)測(cè)光譜的污灌區(qū)土壤重金屬污染快速監(jiān)測(cè)[J];安全與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào);2015年02期

4 李一蒙;馬建華;劉德新;孫艷麗;陳彥芳;;開封城市土壤重金屬污染及潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)[J];環(huán)境科學(xué);2015年03期

5 戴彬;呂建樹;戰(zhàn)金成;張祖陸;劉洋;周汝佳;;山東省典型工業(yè)城市土壤重金屬來源、空間分布及潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)[J];環(huán)境科學(xué);2015年02期

6 楊夢(mèng)昕;楊東璇;李萌立;李忠海;袁烈江;薛敏敏;梁軍;李葉欣;;湘江長沙段沿岸常見農(nóng)作物重金屬污染研究——Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的富集規(guī)律及污染評(píng)價(jià)[J];中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2015年01期

7 蓋利亞;孫銀行;馮文娟;丁燕梅;陳宗良;;污染場地土壤的光譜特征分析[J];測(cè)繪科學(xué);2015年01期

8 吳明珠;李小梅;沙晉明;;亞熱帶土壤鉻元素的高光譜響應(yīng)和反演模型[J];光譜學(xué)與光譜分析;2014年06期

9 代杰瑞;郝興中;龐緒貴;王紅晉;;典型土壤環(huán)境中重金屬元素的形態(tài)分布和轉(zhuǎn)化——以山東煙臺(tái)為例[J];礦物巖石地球化學(xué)通報(bào);2013年06期

10 朱高龍;柳藝博;居為民;陳鏡明;;4種常用植被指數(shù)的地形效應(yīng)評(píng)估[J];遙感學(xué)報(bào);2013年01期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 王平;農(nóng)作物重金屬污染脅迫遙感弱信息增強(qiáng)與計(jì)算[D];東北師范大學(xué);2010年

2 任紅艷;寶山礦區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤—水稻系統(tǒng)重金屬污染的遙感監(jiān)測(cè)[D];南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2008年

3 吳昀昭;南京城郊農(nóng)業(yè)土壤重金屬污染的遙感地球化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究[D];南京大學(xué);2005年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 林艷;基于地統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)與GIS的土壤重金屬污染評(píng)價(jià)與預(yù)測(cè)[D];中南大學(xué);2009年

2 李娜;重金屬脅迫下礦區(qū)植物波譜異常與圖像特征研究[D];山東科技大學(xué);2007年

，

本文編號(hào)：1389979