本文關(guān)鍵詞：轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物基因污染侵權(quán)法律規(guī)制問(wèn)題研究　出處：《甘肅政法學(xué)院》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：隨著人口增加,糧食、環(huán)境、土地等資源危機(jī)的日益嚴(yán)重,20世紀(jì)50年代開(kāi)始,農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生了兩次綠色革命,即以農(nóng)作物雜交、化肥與灌溉的普及為主導(dǎo)的第一次綠色革命以及21世紀(jì)轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)興起帶來(lái)的轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植的第二次綠色革命。兩次綠色革命都極大地提高了糧食的產(chǎn)量,解決了最關(guān)鍵的糧食安全問(wèn)題,促進(jìn)了社會(huì)的發(fā)展。但是隨著第二次綠色革命的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物商業(yè)化種植也帶來(lái)了一系列問(wèn)題,如因環(huán)境釋放不當(dāng)(1)造成的污染侵權(quán)以及對(duì)農(nóng)民人身權(quán)益、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)益的侵權(quán)即是其中的重要問(wèn)題。本文在大量閱讀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,主要分兩部分對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物污染侵權(quán)進(jìn)行論證:一是對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的侵害。轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植過(guò)程中不適當(dāng)?shù)拇鎯?chǔ)環(huán)境、運(yùn)輸環(huán)境以及環(huán)境釋放,造成的基因污染侵權(quán)。二是對(duì)農(nóng)民權(quán)益的侵害。首先,對(duì)農(nóng)民留種權(quán)的侵犯;其次,轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物混入他人非轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物中,該權(quán)利人為清除污染增加了種植成本;再次,轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物與他人的非轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物發(fā)生雜交,導(dǎo)致傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)作物受到轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物的污染,提供有機(jī)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的農(nóng)民喪失了其市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)。綜上,本文將以轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物安全問(wèn)題為視角,以轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植過(guò)程中造成的“基因污染”以及對(duì)種植者造成的損害為切入點(diǎn),通過(guò)深入了解轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)及轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物的發(fā)展,審視現(xiàn)行侵權(quán)責(zé)任法相關(guān)理論,提出轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物基因污染是一種新型環(huán)境侵權(quán)。本文主要包括以下四個(gè)部分:文章第一部分首先對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因相關(guān)概念進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)明的闡釋,其次對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植在國(guó)內(nèi)外的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的介紹,為轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植污染侵權(quán)事件的發(fā)生奠定了現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ),最后對(duì)我國(guó)與轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植污染侵權(quán)的相關(guān)法律規(guī)范進(jìn)行解析,得出我國(guó)在對(duì)這一侵權(quán)行為進(jìn)行規(guī)制時(shí)缺少全方位立法的結(jié)論。文章第二部分主要是針對(duì)英美法系、大陸法系典型國(guó)家關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植活動(dòng)的法律規(guī)制予以研究。對(duì)兩大法系關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植過(guò)程中的侵權(quán)問(wèn)題的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行考察,通過(guò)對(duì)兩大法系主要國(guó)家關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植過(guò)程中防范侵權(quán)損害的法律實(shí)踐的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這些國(guó)家在開(kāi)展轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植活動(dòng)中存在著共性。這些域外經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)我國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物的種植具有重要的借鑒意義。針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因改造技術(shù),我國(guó)應(yīng)參考域外的經(jīng)驗(yàn),在發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植活動(dòng)中,既要慎重又要大膽,不能因噎廢食(1)。文章第三部分主要是從歸責(zé)原則、構(gòu)成要件兩個(gè)方面對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物基因污染侵權(quán)理論研究進(jìn)行重構(gòu)。對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物污染侵權(quán)責(zé)任的歸責(zé)原則以及構(gòu)成要件進(jìn)行建構(gòu):轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物污染侵權(quán)是一種新型的環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為,與一般的環(huán)境侵權(quán)相比較有自身的特殊性,筆者認(rèn)為,在該類侵權(quán)事件中,在對(duì)相關(guān)責(zé)任人進(jìn)行責(zé)任認(rèn)定時(shí),不能直接照搬一般環(huán)境侵權(quán)的相關(guān)規(guī)則,而是應(yīng)該針對(duì)特定情形進(jìn)行分析。文章第四部分在對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物基因污染侵權(quán)相關(guān)理論介紹的基礎(chǔ)上,筆者首先提出在我國(guó)現(xiàn)行《侵權(quán)責(zé)任法》中對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物污染侵權(quán)進(jìn)行專門規(guī)制。其次,筆者提出在轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物商業(yè)化種植已成趨勢(shì)的今天,我國(guó)應(yīng)借鑒相關(guān)國(guó)外立法制定專門的《轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全法》,為轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植提供明確的法律依據(jù),促進(jìn)我國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:With the increase of population, food, environment and land resources crisis is becoming increasingly serious, the beginning of 1950s, the two green revolution agriculture, namely to popularize fertilizer and irrigation, crop hybrid dominated the first green revolution and the rise of transgenic technology twenty-first Century second green revolution brought the planting of genetically modified crops. The two green revolution has greatly improved the grain production, solved the most critical food security problems and promoted the development of the society. But with the further development of the second green revolution, the commercial planting of genetically modified crops has brought a series of problems, such as the pollution tort caused by the improper environmental release (1) and the infringement on the rights and interests of the farmers and property rights. In this paper, on the basis of a large number of reading related literature, this paper is mainly divided into two parts to demonstrate the infringement of genetically modified crops pollution: first, the ecological environment is infringed. The improper storage environment, transportation environment and environmental release during the planting of genetically modified crops caused the infringement of gene pollution. Two is the infringement of the rights and interests of the peasants. First of all, a violation of the right of farmers to seed; secondly, genetically modified crops with non GM crops in others, the human rights clearance of pollution increase the planting cost; thirdly, hybrid transgenic crops and others non genetically modified crops, causing traditional crops by transgenic crops pollution, provide organic agricultural products, farmers lost their market opportunities. In summary, this paper will be from the perspective of the safety of genetically modified crops, to the cultivation of genetically modified crops in the process of the "genetic pollution" and the damage caused by the farmers as the starting point, through in-depth understanding of the development of transgenic technology and transgenic crops, review the theory of the tort liability law, the genetically modified crops gene is a new type of environmental pollution tort. This paper mainly includes the following four parts: the first part of the first transgenic related concept of a concise explanation, secondly on the cultivation of genetically modified crops development status at home and abroad are briefly introduced. The planting of genetically engineered crops pollution tort incident occurred and laid a foundation in reality, finally analyzes the relevant legal norms planting pollution infringement China and GM crops, that China's lack of a full range of legislation in the regulation of the infringement of the conclusion. The second part of the article is mainly to study the legal regulation of the transgenic crops planting activities in the typical countries of the common law system and the continental law system. To study the status quo of infringement of the two legal systems on the cultivation of genetically modified crops in the process, through the research on the legal practice to prevent infringement two major countries on the cultivation of genetically modified crops in the process of discovery, these countries are in common in the development of transgenic crops planting activities. These extraterritorial experiences are of great significance for the cultivation of transgenic crops in China. According to GM technology, China should refer to foreign experience in the development of genetically modified crops planting activities, both must be cautious and bold, not unworthy (1). The third part of the article mainly reconstructs the theoretical research on gene pollution tort of genetically modified crops from two aspects of the principle of imputation and the constituent elements. The imputation principle of genetically modified crops pollution tort liability and the elements of Construction: genetically modified crops pollution tort is a new kind of environmental tort, compared with the general environmental tort particularity, the author think, in this kind of infringement, the relevant persons responsible for the confirmation of responsibility, not directly copy the relevant general rules of environmental tort, but should be analyzed according to the specific situation. In the fourth part of the article, based on the introduction of related theories of genetic pollution of genetically modified crops, the author first puts forward the special regulations for the infringement of genetically modified crops in China's current tort liability law. Secondly, the author puts forward the commercial planting of GM crops has become the trend of today, China should learn from the relevant foreign legislation to establish special "GMO Safety Law", to provide a clear legal basis for the cultivation of genetically modified crops, promote the development of transgenic technology in China in the field of agriculture.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅政法學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D922.68;S188

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