佛教徒皈依原因、宗教性差異調(diào)查與佛教心理保健功能探析
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-18 12:22
【摘要】：佛教徒皈依原因、宗教性差異調(diào)查與佛教心理保健功能探析 在當(dāng)代社會發(fā)展背景下,宗教信仰得到了越來越多人的重視。作為對中國社會文化影響最大最久的宗教信仰,佛教在近些年來也呈現(xiàn)出了興旺發(fā)展的趨勢,在寺廟中正式皈依的信徒數(shù)量逐年增多,不分年齡地域文化,正有越來越多的人開始熱衷于從佛教文化中獲得所需的心理力量。這些現(xiàn)象表明,佛教信仰對改善現(xiàn)代人類生存狀況有重要作用,其內(nèi)含的心理保健因素極大地幫助了如今的人們調(diào)節(jié)心理狀態(tài)。 在宗教復(fù)興的時代背景下,中外人文社會領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者對于這一現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因進(jìn)行了廣泛的研究討論,而對宗教信徒的皈依原因調(diào)查則可以從一個具體的方面對該問題做出解答。心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)針對皈依原因調(diào)查的適用工具比較少,研究需要在文獻(xiàn)分析的基礎(chǔ)之上,提出皈依和宗教性的操作化定義,采用質(zhì)性訪談和量化研究相結(jié)合的方法,分別編制“佛教徒皈依原因調(diào)查問卷”和“佛教徒宗教性測驗量表”,用以分析不同群體佛教徒做出皈依決策的原因和心理宗教性特點(diǎn),并比較他們之間的不同,結(jié)合質(zhì)性研究的發(fā)現(xiàn),對這些差異的產(chǎn)生原因做出解釋。研究所得的主要結(jié)論如下: (1)皈依是個體在心理和行為上正式對其所持宗教信仰做出確認(rèn)的制度化認(rèn)同。影響個體做出皈依決策的有來自外部環(huán)境和個人心理的多方面因素。在出家僧人和在家居士中,這些因素分別起到了不同的影響作用。出家僧人之所以做出皈依甚至出家的決定,主要是其個人以往的生活環(huán)境中長久存在著佛教信仰的影響,從而將佛教倡導(dǎo)的價值追求內(nèi)化了。他們主要是為了實現(xiàn)自己的信仰與人生理想而皈依,現(xiàn)實事件影響較小。對在家居士的皈依原因調(diào)查則表明,在家修行居士在皈依佛教前對教義了解不多,文化環(huán)境影響相對較少,他們主要是想從佛教信仰中尋找應(yīng)對現(xiàn)實矛盾和危機(jī)狀況的辦法而做出皈依決定的。人格測驗的統(tǒng)計結(jié)果還表明,佛教徒的精神質(zhì)得分總體上處在較低的水平,而出家信徒的神經(jīng)質(zhì)維度得分則顯著低于在家信徒,即出家僧人的心理穩(wěn)定性更強(qiáng),情緒相對平和。這說明宗教徒皈依有一定的人格基礎(chǔ)。 (2)佛教徒心理的宗教性是已皈依的佛教徒對自己宗教信仰所持的獨(dú)特態(tài)度的綜合概括。其一般結(jié)構(gòu)要素包括理性認(rèn)同、情感體驗和行為參與。其中理性認(rèn)同是指信徒對佛教教義中所闡述的宇宙真相以及生命價值的認(rèn)可和追求;情感體驗是其對佛祖、佛法、僧人和同修信徒等所持有的感情聯(lián)系與態(tài)度。而行為投入則是佛教徒按照戒律和修行的要求所進(jìn)行的禮佛、念經(jīng)、供養(yǎng)等各種宗教活動。研究中編制的“佛教徒宗教性測驗量表”包括12個題目,每個維度由一個包括四個項目的分量表進(jìn)行測量。驗證性因素分析的結(jié)果表明,修訂后的模型在多個主要的擬合度指標(biāo)上達(dá)到了良好擬合的數(shù)據(jù)要求。說明所編量表的結(jié)構(gòu)符合預(yù)期。整個量表的內(nèi)部一致性系數(shù)為0.879,分半信度為0.752,說明所編量表的信度指標(biāo)較理想。 (3)研究中通過對研究對象施測“佛教徒宗教性測驗量表”和“羅森博格自尊測驗量表”進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)出家信徒的理性認(rèn)知維度得分顯著高于在家信徒,而其情感體驗得分則顯著低于在家信徒,兩大信教人群表現(xiàn)出前者重“理性”,后者重“感性”的不同宗教信仰色彩。進(jìn)一步在出家信徒中間進(jìn)行不同性別的差異比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)男性出家僧人的理性認(rèn)知維度得分高于女性,女性出家僧人的情感體驗得分顯著高于男性。這種差異表現(xiàn)主要是由性別特征決定的。對不同信教團(tuán)體的自尊測驗得分進(jìn)行分析時發(fā)現(xiàn),出家信徒的自尊測驗得分顯著高于在家信徒。而且進(jìn)一步的兩量表得分相關(guān)分析還證明,理性認(rèn)知維度的得分與個體的自尊測驗得分間有最大程度的正相關(guān),這證明對佛教教義的正確及深入了解可能有利于提高個體的自尊水平。 (4)最后,結(jié)合前期的量化研究結(jié)論,研究者對于佛教信仰如何促進(jìn)個體心理健康進(jìn)行了一些質(zhì)性的描述和理論探討。以參話頭和禪修為例,分析有關(guān)的佛教心理保健原理和技術(shù)可知,參話頭能夠有效推動來訪者產(chǎn)生領(lǐng)悟,改變不良認(rèn)知和行為。而靜默禪修可以被用來有效的放松身心,平復(fù)情緒。這些極具心理學(xué)研究價值的佛教修行思想、具體技術(shù)目前已經(jīng)被西方科學(xué)心理學(xué)所重視,催生了眾多源于佛教思想的心理理論和行為指導(dǎo)。對中國心理學(xué)界來說,未來的本土化心理治療和社會服務(wù)有著從佛教中獲取智慧,發(fā)展適用于普通中國大眾的心理健康服務(wù)的極大空間。
[Abstract]:Buddhist conversion reasons, religious differences investigation and Buddhist psychological health function
In the context of the development of contemporary society, religious beliefs have been paid more and more attention. As the oldest religious belief in China's social and cultural influence, Buddhism has also shown a trend of flourishing development in recent years. The number of believers officially converted in temples has increased year by year, and there are more and more people without age and regional culture. It begins to get the psychological power needed from the Buddhist culture. These phenomena indicate that the Buddhist belief plays an important role in improving the living conditions of modern human beings. The psychological health factors in it have greatly helped the people to adjust their mental state.
In the context of the era of religious revival, scholars in the field of Humanities and social fields in China and foreign countries have carried out extensive research and Discussion on the causes of this phenomenon, while the investigation of the reasons for the conversion of religious believers can answer the question from a specific aspect. On the basis of literature analysis, it is necessary to put forward the operational definition of conversion and religion, and adopt the methods of combining qualitative interview and quantitative study. The "questionnaire of Buddhist conversion reasons" and "Buddhist religious test scale" are compiled to analyze the reasons and psychological sect of conversion decision making by different groups of Buddhists. The nature of these differences is explained by comparing the differences between them and the findings of qualitative research. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) conversion is the institutionalized identification of the individual's religious belief in the psychology and behavior. There are many factors from the external environment and personal psychology that affect the individual's conversion decision. Among the monks and the family members, these factors have different effects. The decision to convert and even go home is mainly the influence of the Buddhist belief in his personal life environment, thus internalizing the value pursuit of Buddhism. They are mainly converted to their beliefs and ideal of life, and the actual events have little influence. Before they convert to Buddhism, the Buddhist monks do not know much about the doctrine of Buddhism and have relatively little influence on the cultural environment. They are mainly trying to find ways to respond to the reality of contradictions and crises from the Buddhist beliefs. The neuroticism score of the apprentice was significantly lower than that of the followers, that is, the mental stability of the monks was stronger and the emotion was relatively flat. This shows that the religious converts have a certain personality basis.
(2) the religious religion of the Buddhists is a comprehensive generalization of the Buddhists' unique attitude to their religious beliefs. The general structural elements include rational identification, emotional experience and behavior participation. It is the emotional connection and attitude held by the Buddha, the Buddhist, the monks and the believers. And the devotion is the Buddhist, chanting, feeding and other religious activities of the Buddhists in accordance with the requirements of the precepts and practices. The Buddhist religious test scale of the Buddhists consists of 12 topics, each of which consists of one The results of the four subscales were measured. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the revised model reached a good fitting data requirement on a number of major fitting indexes. It showed that the structure of the scale was in conformity with the expectation. The internal consistency coefficient of the whole scale was 0.879 and the half reliability was 0.752, indicating the reliability of the scale. The index is ideal.
(3) through the statistical analysis of the "Buddhist religious test scale" and "Rosenberg self esteem scale", the study found that the scores of the rational cognitive dimension of the family members were significantly higher than those of the family believers, while their emotional experience scores were significantly lower than those of the family followers, and the two major believers showed the former heavy "reason". "Sex", the latter weighs the different religious beliefs of "sensibility". Further, the difference of gender differences between the followers of the family is further compared. It is found that the score of the rational cognitive dimension of the male monks is higher than that of the female, and the emotional experience score of the female monks is significantly higher than that of the male. This difference is mainly determined by the sex characteristics. The scores of self-esteem tests of different religious groups found that the scores of self-esteem tests were significantly higher than those of the family followers. Furthermore, the further two scale score correlation analysis also proved that the score of rational cognitive dimension was positively correlated with the score of individual self-esteem test, which proved the correctness of the Buddhist doctrines, Further understanding may help to improve individual self-esteem.
(4) finally, combining with the previous quantitative research conclusions, the researcher has made some qualitative description and theoretical discussion about how Buddhist belief promotes individual mental health. Taking the head and meditation as an example, the author analyses the related principles and techniques of Buddhist mental health care, which can effectively promote visitors to produce insight and change bad cognition. And the meditation can be used to effectively relax the body and mind, to restore the mood. These ideas of Buddhist practice, which are of great value in psychological research, have been taken seriously by western scientific psychology and have brought forth many psychological theories and behavioral guidance derived from Buddhism. Psychotherapy and social services have great wisdom in acquiring wisdom from Buddhism and developing mental health services suitable for ordinary Chinese people.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：B948
本文編號：2131892
[Abstract]:Buddhist conversion reasons, religious differences investigation and Buddhist psychological health function
In the context of the development of contemporary society, religious beliefs have been paid more and more attention. As the oldest religious belief in China's social and cultural influence, Buddhism has also shown a trend of flourishing development in recent years. The number of believers officially converted in temples has increased year by year, and there are more and more people without age and regional culture. It begins to get the psychological power needed from the Buddhist culture. These phenomena indicate that the Buddhist belief plays an important role in improving the living conditions of modern human beings. The psychological health factors in it have greatly helped the people to adjust their mental state.
In the context of the era of religious revival, scholars in the field of Humanities and social fields in China and foreign countries have carried out extensive research and Discussion on the causes of this phenomenon, while the investigation of the reasons for the conversion of religious believers can answer the question from a specific aspect. On the basis of literature analysis, it is necessary to put forward the operational definition of conversion and religion, and adopt the methods of combining qualitative interview and quantitative study. The "questionnaire of Buddhist conversion reasons" and "Buddhist religious test scale" are compiled to analyze the reasons and psychological sect of conversion decision making by different groups of Buddhists. The nature of these differences is explained by comparing the differences between them and the findings of qualitative research. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) conversion is the institutionalized identification of the individual's religious belief in the psychology and behavior. There are many factors from the external environment and personal psychology that affect the individual's conversion decision. Among the monks and the family members, these factors have different effects. The decision to convert and even go home is mainly the influence of the Buddhist belief in his personal life environment, thus internalizing the value pursuit of Buddhism. They are mainly converted to their beliefs and ideal of life, and the actual events have little influence. Before they convert to Buddhism, the Buddhist monks do not know much about the doctrine of Buddhism and have relatively little influence on the cultural environment. They are mainly trying to find ways to respond to the reality of contradictions and crises from the Buddhist beliefs. The neuroticism score of the apprentice was significantly lower than that of the followers, that is, the mental stability of the monks was stronger and the emotion was relatively flat. This shows that the religious converts have a certain personality basis.
(2) the religious religion of the Buddhists is a comprehensive generalization of the Buddhists' unique attitude to their religious beliefs. The general structural elements include rational identification, emotional experience and behavior participation. It is the emotional connection and attitude held by the Buddha, the Buddhist, the monks and the believers. And the devotion is the Buddhist, chanting, feeding and other religious activities of the Buddhists in accordance with the requirements of the precepts and practices. The Buddhist religious test scale of the Buddhists consists of 12 topics, each of which consists of one The results of the four subscales were measured. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the revised model reached a good fitting data requirement on a number of major fitting indexes. It showed that the structure of the scale was in conformity with the expectation. The internal consistency coefficient of the whole scale was 0.879 and the half reliability was 0.752, indicating the reliability of the scale. The index is ideal.
(3) through the statistical analysis of the "Buddhist religious test scale" and "Rosenberg self esteem scale", the study found that the scores of the rational cognitive dimension of the family members were significantly higher than those of the family believers, while their emotional experience scores were significantly lower than those of the family followers, and the two major believers showed the former heavy "reason". "Sex", the latter weighs the different religious beliefs of "sensibility". Further, the difference of gender differences between the followers of the family is further compared. It is found that the score of the rational cognitive dimension of the male monks is higher than that of the female, and the emotional experience score of the female monks is significantly higher than that of the male. This difference is mainly determined by the sex characteristics. The scores of self-esteem tests of different religious groups found that the scores of self-esteem tests were significantly higher than those of the family followers. Furthermore, the further two scale score correlation analysis also proved that the score of rational cognitive dimension was positively correlated with the score of individual self-esteem test, which proved the correctness of the Buddhist doctrines, Further understanding may help to improve individual self-esteem.
(4) finally, combining with the previous quantitative research conclusions, the researcher has made some qualitative description and theoretical discussion about how Buddhist belief promotes individual mental health. Taking the head and meditation as an example, the author analyses the related principles and techniques of Buddhist mental health care, which can effectively promote visitors to produce insight and change bad cognition. And the meditation can be used to effectively relax the body and mind, to restore the mood. These ideas of Buddhist practice, which are of great value in psychological research, have been taken seriously by western scientific psychology and have brought forth many psychological theories and behavioral guidance derived from Buddhism. Psychotherapy and social services have great wisdom in acquiring wisdom from Buddhism and developing mental health services suitable for ordinary Chinese people.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：B948
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