本文選題：巫術(shù) + 淫祠　； 參考：《安徽大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 巫術(shù)產(chǎn)生的主要原因之一是由于人類古代社會(huì)科技水平的不發(fā)達(dá),巫術(shù)產(chǎn)生的本意是為了滿足人類避禍趨利的心理安全需要,直至在今天社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,依然能夠看到巫術(shù)的影子。巫術(shù)逐漸融入人類文化,作為一種意識(shí)形態(tài),對(duì)于人類的社會(huì)行動(dòng)也產(chǎn)生了一定的影響。宋代社會(huì)由于各方面的原因,巫術(shù)盛行,滲透到社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。封建等級(jí)社會(huì)之中,巫術(shù)對(duì)于統(tǒng)治階級(jí)與民間具有不同的意義與作用,突出的表現(xiàn)就是宋代尚巫風(fēng)氣與禁巫政策的矛盾性。 宋代整個(gè)社會(huì)普遍崇尚巫術(shù),巫術(shù)既盛行于上層社會(huì)又盛行于民間,二者形式也不完全相同。宋代上層社會(huì)尚巫主要表現(xiàn)在歲時(shí)節(jié)氣巫術(shù)的重視、政治利益需要和官員對(duì)于巫術(shù)的崇拜這三個(gè)方面。上層社會(huì)歲時(shí)節(jié)氣巫術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)巫術(shù)的一種延續(xù),表達(dá)上層社會(huì)對(duì)于生活順利的一種美好期望；統(tǒng)治階級(jí)利用巫術(shù)本身的神秘色彩,用來(lái)鞏固自己的統(tǒng)治地位,是一種政治利益的需要；宋代官員作為上層社會(huì)尚巫風(fēng)氣的擁蹙,巫術(shù)對(duì)于他們具有表達(dá)美好期望與炫耀身份等級(jí)的雙重需要。民間尚巫風(fēng)氣主要表現(xiàn)在對(duì)于節(jié)氣時(shí)令、婚嫁等巫術(shù)的重視。宋代民間巫術(shù)表達(dá)的是巫術(shù)避禍趨利與美好期望意思表示的傳統(tǒng)意義。 宋代社會(huì)普遍崇尚巫術(shù)的態(tài)度對(duì)于社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。巫術(shù)不僅僅盛行于上層社會(huì),更廣泛深入民間,產(chǎn)生了大量巫師,巫術(shù)自上而下的發(fā)展模式使得其更是與宗教等相結(jié)合,影響著社會(huì)意識(shí)形態(tài)。 宋代上層社會(huì)尚巫的原因主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：首先,宋代尚巫的風(fēng)氣與統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的鼓吹利用分不開(kāi),巫術(shù)能滿足統(tǒng)治階級(jí)鞏固統(tǒng)治權(quán)利的需要；其次,宋代尚巫的風(fēng)氣與道教思想的盛行密切相關(guān)；最后,宋代尚巫風(fēng)氣與士人階層的踐行分不開(kāi),他們作為當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)精英,深刻地影響著民間社會(huì)。宋代民間尚巫的原因主要表現(xiàn)在以下兩個(gè)方面：首先,在落后的科技水平條件下,人們對(duì)于生老病死等自然現(xiàn)象無(wú)法控制充滿恐懼；其次,長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)亂的社會(huì)條件下,人們生活困苦,巫術(shù)成為民間需求安全的精神寄托；最后,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)促進(jìn)民族與區(qū)域的文化融合,巫術(shù)也在文化交流的過(guò)程中繁榮。 巫術(shù)的盛行加重了人民生活的苦難,也在某種程度上威脅到統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的利益,使得他們?cè)诶梦仔g(shù)的同時(shí),也采取了一些禁巫的措施。統(tǒng)治階級(jí)在改善民間醫(yī)療環(huán)境抑制巫術(shù)的同時(shí),也在民間推廣儒家文化,改善民風(fēng)。統(tǒng)治階級(jí)提出“淫祀無(wú)�！钡挠^念,采取了一系列打擊淫祀的具體措施。但是,宋代社會(huì)特別是統(tǒng)治階級(jí)對(duì)于巫術(shù)的曖昧態(tài)度,使得宋代的禁巫成效甚微。 宋代巫術(shù)的盛行對(duì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生很多的負(fù)面影響,使得統(tǒng)治階級(jí)不得不采取措施禁止巫術(shù)。首先,很多宋代武裝起義利用巫術(shù),為自己的武裝行動(dòng)尋找合理理由與民眾支持,直接威脅到統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的利益；其次,巫術(shù)在加劇上層社會(huì)與民間社會(huì)的意識(shí)沖突的同時(shí),也加劇民間不同利益群體的沖突,社會(huì)沖突的加劇也威脅到宋代的既定社會(huì)秩序。
[Abstract]:One of the main reasons for the creation of witchcraft is the underdevelopment of the scientific and technological level of the ancient society. The intention of the witchcraft is to meet the psychological security needs of human beings to avoid misfortune and benefit, until the shadow of witchcraft is still seen in every field of today's social life. Witchcraft is gradually integrated into human culture as an ideology. The social action of human beings also had a certain influence. The Song Dynasty society, due to various reasons, was prevalent in all fields of social life. In the feudal class society, witchcraft has different meanings and functions to the ruling class and the folk, and the outstanding performance is the contradiction between the spirit of the song Dynasty and the policy of banning the witch.
The whole society of the Song Dynasty generally advocated witchcraft. Witchcraft prevailed in the upper society and popular in the folk. The form of the two was not exactly the same. The upper society of the Song Dynasty was mainly manifested in the three aspects of the age of age and witchcraft, the need of political interests and the worship of the officials on witchcraft. It expresses a good expectation for the smooth life of the upper class society; the ruling class uses the mystic color of the witchcraft itself to consolidate his own ruling position. It is a need for political interests; the officials of the Song Dynasty, as the upper society, have a wrath of the witchcraft, and the witchcraft expresses good expectations and display of identity. The folk custom of witchcraft is mainly manifested in the importance of witchcraft, such as the season of throttle, marriage and so on. The folk witchcraft of the Song Dynasty is the traditional meaning of the expression of witchcraft, avoidance of disaster and good expectation.
The general advocation of witchcraft in the Song Dynasty has a profound influence on all fields of social life. Witchcraft is not only prevalent in the upper class, but also in a wider range of folk, producing a large number of sorcerers. The development pattern of witchcraft from top to bottom makes it more integrated with religion and influence social ideology.
The reasons of the upper class social sorcery in the Song Dynasty are mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, the wind and the ruling class are inseparable in the Song Dynasty, and the witchcraft can meet the needs of the ruling class to consolidate the ruling rights; secondly, the customs of the sorcery in the Song Dynasty are closely related to the prevalence of the Taoist thought; finally, the Song Dynasty is still the witch style and the scholar rank. As the social elite at that time, they had a profound influence on the civil society. The reasons for the folk sorcery in the Song Dynasty were mainly manifested in the following two aspects: first, under the backward scientific and technological level, people could not control the natural phenomena such as life and death and so on. Secondly, under the social conditions of the long-term war, people were under the social conditions. Life is difficult, witchcraft has become the spiritual support of the security of folk demand; finally, the war promotes the cultural integration of the nation and the region, and the witchcraft flourished in the process of cultural communication.
The prevalence of witchcraft aggravated the sufferings of the people's life and, to some extent, threatened the interests of the ruling class, and made them take some measures to prohibit witchcraft while using witchcraft. The ruling class, while improving the folk medical environment to suppress witchcraft, also promoted the culture of Confucianism in the folk. The ruling class proposed "prostitution". The idea of "sacrificing no blessing" has taken a series of concrete measures to fight the prostitution. However, the Song Dynasty's society, especially the ruling class's ambiguous attitude to the witchcraft, made little effect in the Song Dynasty.
The popularity of the witchcraft in the Song Dynasty had a lot of negative effects on the development of the society, which made the ruling class have to take measures to prohibit witchcraft. First, many armed uprisings in the Song Dynasty used witchcraft to find reasonable reasons and public support for their armed actions, and directly threatened the interests of the ruling rank. Secondly, witchcraft was aggravating the upper class society. The conflict of consciousness in civil society also aggravates the conflicts among different interest groups. The intensification of social conflicts also threatens the established social order in Song Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：B992

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本文編號(hào)：2015075