本文選題：薩滿教 + 薩滿教文化　； 參考：《新疆師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：1456年哈薩克汗國的建立標(biāo)志著哈薩克族的最終形成。中國的哈薩克族居住在新疆、甘肅和青海。哈薩克族熱情好客、熱愛詩歌,創(chuàng)造了豐富而獨(dú)特的草原文化。哈薩克族曾信仰過薩滿教、佛教、祆教、景教和伊斯蘭教,其中薩滿教和伊斯蘭教對哈薩克族的影響最大。薩滿教產(chǎn)生于原始社會,它是一種自然宗教,因薩滿而得名。“薩滿”的解釋主要有“激動、瘋狂的亂舞者”和“無所不知的通達(dá)之人”;薩滿教的性質(zhì)有宗教和非宗教說。薩滿教的核心是萬物有靈觀念,主要內(nèi)容是自然崇拜、圖騰崇拜、祖先崇拜。薩滿教的世界觀滲透到生活的各個(gè)層面就形成了薩滿教文化,薩滿教文化可以分為看得見的物質(zhì)部分和看不見的精神部分。哈薩克族的早期先民烏孫人、康居人、匈奴人和突厥人都信仰薩滿教,蒙元時(shí)期在欽察草原上,薩滿教仍然很盛行。在哈薩克汗國時(shí)期以陶克汗的統(tǒng)治為分界點(diǎn),薩滿教和薩滿的政治地位及生存環(huán)境都發(fā)生了質(zhì)的變化。在陶克汗之前全民公開信仰薩滿教,薩滿在社會上享有崇高的地位,屬于統(tǒng)治階層;陶克汗執(zhí)政后廢除薩滿教,定伊斯蘭教為國教禁止信仰薩滿教,打擊薩滿禁止薩滿在社會上活動。但是薩滿教沒有被消滅,它一直以各種方式存活于民間,至今薩滿教文化已成為哈薩克族民俗的一部分。伊斯蘭教在向哈薩克族傳播的過程中深受薩滿教的影響,薩滿教影響了哈薩克族信仰伊斯蘭教的內(nèi)容和行為,哈薩克人在信仰安拉的同時(shí)還崇拜祖先的亡靈,哈薩克族的巴克斯既是毛拉又是薩滿。薩滿教對哈薩克族的社會生活和文學(xué)作品都有著深刻的影響,在社會生活中存在著大量的與薩滿教信仰有關(guān)的禁忌,如因?qū)λ�、火、祖先崇拜形成的禁忌。在哈薩克的民間傳說中,在英雄史詩、愛情史詩、人生禮儀習(xí)俗歌、現(xiàn)代文學(xué)中都能發(fā)現(xiàn)薩滿教文化的痕跡。分析薩滿教文化至今仍遺留在哈薩克族生活的各個(gè)層面的原因,有:1.薩滿教文化早已沉淀哈薩克族的民族心里,正如富有光所說:“薩滿一代又一代地鑄造、陶冶、培育著北方諸民族的精神、性格和心理素質(zhì)。”2.哈薩克族的包容性,這是由哈薩克族生活在東西方文明的交匯處,游牧經(jīng)濟(jì)的非自足性,族源的多樣性決定的。3.哈薩克族的習(xí)慣法對薩滿教與伊斯蘭教文化的兼容;4.薩滿教文化與哈薩克族的游牧經(jīng)濟(jì)相適應(yīng);5.薩滿教的心理調(diào)節(jié)與治病功能。
[Abstract]:The establishment of Kazakh khanate in 1456 marked the final formation of Kazakh nationality. The Kazakh people of China live in Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai. Kazakh hospitality, love poetry, created a rich and unique grassland culture. The Kazakh people once believed in Shamanism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Islam, among which shamanism and Islam had the greatest influence on the Kazakh people. Shamanism originated in primitive society and is a natural religion named after shamanism. Shamanism is explained mainly by "agitated, crazy disorderly dancers" and "omniscient savvy", and shamanism is religious and nonreligious in nature. The core of shamanism is animism, the main content is nature worship, totem worship, ancestor worship. The world outlook of Shamanism permeates every aspect of life and forms Shamanism culture. Shamanism culture can be divided into visible material part and invisible spiritual part. The early Kazakh ancestors, including the Wusun, Kangju, Huns and Turkic, all believed in Shamanism, which was still popular in the Mongolian and Yuan dynasties on the grasslands. In the period of Kazakh khanate, the political status and living environment of shamanism and shamanism changed qualitatively. Before Tao Kehan, the whole people openly believed in shamanism, which enjoyed a high status in society and belonged to the ruling class. After Tao Kehan came to power, he abolished Shamanism and declared Islam as the state religion and banned Shamanism. The fight against shamans forbids shamans from social activity. But Shamanism has not been destroyed, it has been living in various ways in the folk, so far Shamanism culture has become a part of Kazakh folklore. Islam is deeply influenced by Shamanism in the process of spreading to the Kazakh people. Shamanism influences the content and behavior of the Kazakh people in their belief in Islam. The Kazakh people worship the undead of their ancestors while they believe in Allah. The Kazakh Baxs are both mullahs and shamans. Shamanism has a profound influence on the social life and literary works of Kazakh people. In social life, there are many taboos related to Shamanism, such as the taboos formed by water, fire and ancestor worship. In Kazakh folklore, in heroic epic, love epic, life etiquette custom song, modern literature can find the trace of shamanism culture. The reason why Shamanism remains in every aspect of Kazakh life is 1: 1. Shamanism culture has long precipitated the hearts of Kazakh ethnic groups, just as Fuguang said: "Shaman generation after generation cast, molded, nurtured the spirit, character and psychological quality of the northern nationalities." 2. The Kazakh inclusiveness is determined by the Kazakh living in the intersection of eastern and western civilizations, the non-self-sufficiency of nomadic economies, and the diversity of ethnic origins. Kazakh customary law is compatible with Shamanism and Islamic culture. Shamanism culture and Kazakh nomadic economy adapt to 5. 5. The psychological regulation and treatment function of shamanism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：B98
，

本文編號：2008384