本文關(guān)鍵詞： 政教分離 教皇革命 教階制度　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 耶穌說“愷撒的歸愷撒,上帝的歸上帝”,從而開創(chuàng)了政教分離的傳統(tǒng)。西歐國家在中世紀(jì)盛期開始的一系列教會(huì)改革,導(dǎo)致了教會(huì)外部和內(nèi)部的政教分離。外部的政教分離,包括政治權(quán)力與宗教權(quán)力、政治權(quán)威與宗教權(quán)力以及“政治人”與“宗教人”的分離；內(nèi)部的政教分離,主要是指教會(huì)內(nèi)部權(quán)力上的分離。 政治權(quán)力與宗教權(quán)力分離,意味著宗教權(quán)力從政治權(quán)力中解放出來,并要求政治權(quán)力在精神領(lǐng)域和世俗領(lǐng)域之間劃清界限,教會(huì)開始作為一個(gè)社會(huì)實(shí)體站在了世俗君主和貴族的對(duì)面；政治權(quán)威與宗教權(quán)威分離,意味著從“君權(quán)神授”過渡到“君權(quán)教會(huì)授”的時(shí)代,過去政治權(quán)威借以證明統(tǒng)治合法性的宗教權(quán)威被剝奪了,政治權(quán)威走下神壇,讓位于宗教權(quán)威,從而宗教權(quán)威凌駕于政治權(quán)威之上；政治人與宗教人的分離,君主的身份由神化到解魅,成了普通的平信徒,再?zèng)]有資格干涉宗教內(nèi)部事務(wù),獨(dú)身制成功地在政治人與宗教人之間劃清了界限；圣職權(quán)和管轄權(quán)對(duì)教會(huì)權(quán)力來源所作的區(qū)分,成功地建立了中央集權(quán)的教會(huì)統(tǒng)治。 中世紀(jì)西歐基督教社會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出獨(dú)特的政教分離現(xiàn)象,與宗教改革所提倡的政教分離不同之處在于,盛期時(shí)的政教分離,是教會(huì)主動(dòng)脫離國家的形式,要求教會(huì)自由和自治,擺脫國家對(duì)宗教事務(wù)的干涉,同時(shí)主張宗教權(quán)威超越政治權(quán)威,從而形成了宗教權(quán)力與政治權(quán)力相互分離、各自獨(dú)立、相互平衡的二元化政治結(jié)構(gòu)模式。這是西歐歷史上第一次出現(xiàn)的政教分離,為西歐法律傳統(tǒng)、近代自由主義和憲政主義開辟了道路。
[Abstract]:Jesus said that "Caesar's belongs to Caesar, God's to God", thus creating a tradition of separation of church and state. Western European countries began a series of church reforms in the Middle Ages. The separation of politics and religion, including political power and religious power, political authority and religious power, as well as the separation of "political person" and "religious person"; The internal separation of church and state mainly refers to the separation of power within the church. The separation of political power and religious power means that religious power is liberated from political power, and requires political power to draw a clear line between spiritual field and secular field. The church began to stand as a social entity opposite the secular monarchs and nobles; The separation of political authority and religious authority means the transition from "divine monarchic authority" to "monarchical ecclesiastical authority". In the past, the religious authority used by political authority to prove the legitimacy of rule has been deprived, and political authority has gone down to the altar. Give way to the religious authority, so that the religious authority above the political authority; The separation of political and religious people, the monarch's status from deification to disenchantment, become ordinary ordinary believers, no longer qualified to interfere in the internal affairs of religion, celibacy has successfully drawn a clear line between political and religious people; The distinction between the power of the Church and the authority of the Church successfully established a centralized ecclesiastical rule. In the Middle Ages, the Christian society of Western Europe presented a unique phenomenon of separation of church and state, which was different from the separation of religion and state advocated by the religious reform. The separation of state and religion in the heyday was the form in which the church left the country on its own initiative. The church is required to be free and autonomous, to get rid of the state's interference in religious affairs, and at the same time to advocate that the religious authority transcends the political authority, thus forming the separation of religious power and political power and their respective independence. This is the first time in the history of Western Europe that the separation of state and religion has opened the way for Western European legal tradition, modern liberalism and constitutionalism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：B977

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本文編號(hào)：1451975