清代乾嘉年間官參壟斷制度研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-17 09:38
【摘要】：人參是一種名貴的植物藥材,因其具有獨特的醫(yī)療及保健功效,歷來為我國官方和民間所推崇。17世紀興起于東北的女真政權(quán)入主中原后,對自己的龍興之地格外重視,嚴禁漢族平民隨意出入東北地區(qū),控制貂皮、人參等東北物產(chǎn)的生產(chǎn)和流通,從源頭上排斥和限制民間商業(yè)資本的參與其中。乾嘉時期,東北地區(qū)的人參資源逐漸枯竭,人參采集數(shù)量不斷降低,清政府在滿足自己消費需求的前提下,或由在京官員、宗室旗人出售,或由其他地區(qū)的海關(guān)、鹽政、織造等地方機構(gòu)出售,依靠行政命令強迫地方機構(gòu)完成商業(yè)銷售任務(wù)。人參在明代本為普通民間交易商品,清政府對人參商業(yè)流通強行實行行政壟斷,嚴厲打擊私參貿(mào)易,控制人參的流通數(shù)量。乾嘉時期民間形成了對人參的迷信,特別是富庶的江南地區(qū)民風奢靡,對人參等奢侈品具有旺盛的消費需求,社會上出現(xiàn)了一批指導人參消費的書籍,消費人參成為了一種時尚。清政府對民間人參商業(yè)貿(mào)易的控制,使民間巨大的人參消費需求無法得到滿足,與此同時,正在為中外貿(mào)易巨大逆差發(fā)愁的西方商人發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一商機,興起了一股販賣西洋參的熱潮。筆者才疏學淺,意圖通過探討政府商品壟斷與民間消費需求之間的關(guān)系,特別是經(jīng)濟發(fā)達地區(qū)對某種商品的旺盛需求無法得到滿足時,政府控制下的商品壟斷應(yīng)怎樣合理地進行改革,以最大程度滿足民眾消費需求,同時促進相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,希望此文能夠為當今我國經(jīng)濟建設(shè)提供一些借鑒。本文共分為三部分,可視為生產(chǎn)、銷售和消費。第一部分主要講維護東北地區(qū)人參壟斷生產(chǎn)的改革。第二部分為乾嘉時期清政府在人參變價過程中銷售的人參數(shù)量和所得利潤,第三部分則為江南地區(qū)消費官參的情況。筆者認為官參生產(chǎn)、銷售和消費是三個不可缺少的環(huán)節(jié),不可偏廢,全力兼顧才能完整地展現(xiàn)清廷對人參的壟斷,進而研究所造成的影響。
[Abstract]:Ginseng is a valuable medicinal plant, because of its unique medical and health care efficacy, has always been respected by the Chinese government and folk. 17 century after the rise of the Nu Zhen regime in the Northeast into the Central Plains, they attached great importance to their own land of Longxing. It is strictly forbidden for Han people to enter and leave Northeast China at will, to control the production and circulation of mink, ginseng and other Northeast products, and to exclude and restrict the participation of private commercial capital from the source. During the Qianjia period, ginseng resources in Northeast China gradually dried up, and the collection of ginseng was continuously reduced. The Qing government, on the premise of satisfying its own consumption demand, was sold either by officials in Beijing, by clan flags, or by customs and salt administration in other regions. Weaving and other local institutions to sell, rely on executive orders to force local institutions to complete commercial sales tasks. Ginseng was an ordinary folk trade commodity in Ming Dynasty. The Qing government imposed an administrative monopoly on the commercial circulation of ginseng, severely cracked down on the trade of private ginseng, and controlled the quantity of ginseng circulation. During the Qianjia period, people formed superstition about ginseng, especially in the prosperous south of the Yangtze River. They had a strong consumption demand for ginseng and other luxury goods, and a number of books guiding ginseng consumption appeared in the society. Consumption of ginseng has become a fashion. The Qing government's control over the commercial trade of folk ginseng made it impossible to satisfy the huge consumption demand of folk ginseng. At the same time, Western businessmen, who were worrying about the huge trade deficit between China and foreign countries, discovered this business opportunity. There was a rush to sell American ginseng. The author intends to explore the relationship between government monopoly of commodities and private consumption demand, especially when the strong demand for certain commodities in economically developed areas cannot be satisfied. How to reform the commodity monopoly under the control of the government in order to satisfy the consumer demand to the greatest extent and to promote the development of the economy of related industries at the same time, I hope this article can provide some reference for the economic construction of our country today. This article is divided into three parts, can be regarded as production, sales and consumption. The first part mainly talks about the reform of maintaining the northeast area ginseng monopoly production. The second part is about the quantity and profit of ginseng sold by Qing government in Qianjia period, and the third part is about the consumption of ginseng in Jiangnan area. The author thinks that the production, sale and consumption of official ginseng are three indispensable links.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K249
[Abstract]:Ginseng is a valuable medicinal plant, because of its unique medical and health care efficacy, has always been respected by the Chinese government and folk. 17 century after the rise of the Nu Zhen regime in the Northeast into the Central Plains, they attached great importance to their own land of Longxing. It is strictly forbidden for Han people to enter and leave Northeast China at will, to control the production and circulation of mink, ginseng and other Northeast products, and to exclude and restrict the participation of private commercial capital from the source. During the Qianjia period, ginseng resources in Northeast China gradually dried up, and the collection of ginseng was continuously reduced. The Qing government, on the premise of satisfying its own consumption demand, was sold either by officials in Beijing, by clan flags, or by customs and salt administration in other regions. Weaving and other local institutions to sell, rely on executive orders to force local institutions to complete commercial sales tasks. Ginseng was an ordinary folk trade commodity in Ming Dynasty. The Qing government imposed an administrative monopoly on the commercial circulation of ginseng, severely cracked down on the trade of private ginseng, and controlled the quantity of ginseng circulation. During the Qianjia period, people formed superstition about ginseng, especially in the prosperous south of the Yangtze River. They had a strong consumption demand for ginseng and other luxury goods, and a number of books guiding ginseng consumption appeared in the society. Consumption of ginseng has become a fashion. The Qing government's control over the commercial trade of folk ginseng made it impossible to satisfy the huge consumption demand of folk ginseng. At the same time, Western businessmen, who were worrying about the huge trade deficit between China and foreign countries, discovered this business opportunity. There was a rush to sell American ginseng. The author intends to explore the relationship between government monopoly of commodities and private consumption demand, especially when the strong demand for certain commodities in economically developed areas cannot be satisfied. How to reform the commodity monopoly under the control of the government in order to satisfy the consumer demand to the greatest extent and to promote the development of the economy of related industries at the same time, I hope this article can provide some reference for the economic construction of our country today. This article is divided into three parts, can be regarded as production, sales and consumption. The first part mainly talks about the reform of maintaining the northeast area ginseng monopoly production. The second part is about the quantity and profit of ginseng sold by Qing government in Qianjia period, and the third part is about the consumption of ginseng in Jiangnan area. The author thinks that the production, sale and consumption of official ginseng are three indispensable links.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K249
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