本文關(guān)鍵詞：戰(zhàn)國(guó)前期的韓國(guó)研究　出處：《河南大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 韓昭侯 申不害改革 權(quán)術(shù) 專制體制 較弱地位

【摘要】：韓氏無(wú)論是在為晉卿時(shí)期還是立國(guó)之后,力量都較為單薄。韓氏家族是晉國(guó)公室桓叔之后,被稱為“桓族”。春秋初年,在晉獻(xiàn)公“滅公族”、“盡滅群公子”的背景下,做為“桓族”的韓氏在被打擊之列,幾乎遭遇滅頂之災(zāi)。晉靈公時(shí)期,在趙盾的舉薦下,曾“畜于趙氏”的韓厥出任司馬一職,由此韓氏逐步發(fā)展,成為晉國(guó)的望族。韓氏之所以能夠在晉國(guó)諸大族中勝出,成為三家分晉之一的強(qiáng)宗大族,首先是韓厥、韓起在晉國(guó)的軍功及他們對(duì)韓氏家族的經(jīng)營(yíng),其次是與趙、魏大族的同盟關(guān)系。晉國(guó)尚軍功的政策,以及晉、楚爭(zhēng)霸的大背景都為韓氏的發(fā)展提供了良好的機(jī)會(huì)。分晉之初,三家依然保持著同盟關(guān)系,稱為三晉。在魏文侯的主導(dǎo)下,三晉聯(lián)合伐齊攻楚,所向無(wú)敵,終于在公元前403年,迫使周天子為三家“正名”,立為諸侯。立國(guó)后,韓國(guó)最迫切的要求就是打開(kāi)通向中原的道路,向中原地區(qū)發(fā)展。早在三家分知氏時(shí),韓氏就有了“吞鄭”的計(jì)劃,并為滅掉鄭國(guó)做了充分的準(zhǔn)備工作。隨后,韓國(guó)在進(jìn)攻中原的過(guò)程中,不斷地攻占蠶食鄭國(guó)的轄地,韓國(guó)的都城由平陽(yáng)遷到了原屬于鄭國(guó)的宜陽(yáng),之后又將陽(yáng)翟作為攻鄭的前沿軍事基地,形同陪都。在公元前375年,韓國(guó)終于滅掉鄭國(guó),并把韓國(guó)的國(guó)都遷到新鄭。然而,韓國(guó)內(nèi)部的局面并不容樂(lè)觀,由于公族勢(shì)力強(qiáng)大,韓國(guó)的幾次遷都又形成了不同的勢(shì)力集團(tuán),如公室與大族之間、各個(gè)大族之間的矛盾日益加深,最終釀成了韓相俠累遇刺和韓哀侯被弒事件。韓懿侯繼位后,并未對(duì)其父韓哀侯被弒的事件進(jìn)行追責(zé),究其原因當(dāng)有以下四點(diǎn):第一,韓懿侯與韓嚴(yán)是同一利益集團(tuán)。第二,韓懿侯勢(shì)單力薄,他繼承君位是各利益集團(tuán)相互妥協(xié)的結(jié)果。第三,韓國(guó)剛遷都鄭不久,需要公族勢(shì)力的支持,來(lái)對(duì)抗鄭國(guó)舊族的反抗。第四,三晉聯(lián)盟破裂,外患滋生。但可以肯定的是,韓懿侯時(shí)期,君權(quán)得到了強(qiáng)化。這也是韓懿侯之后,韓昭侯能夠任用申不害為相,進(jìn)行順利改革的原因。改革前,韓國(guó)處于內(nèi)憂外患之中。在對(duì)外關(guān)系方面,三晉聯(lián)盟破裂,韓國(guó)承受著來(lái)自魏國(guó)的強(qiáng)大軍事威脅。韓國(guó)內(nèi)部的主要問(wèn)題則是,公族權(quán)力強(qiáng)大,政治日益腐化,滅鄭后鄭人仍然有很強(qiáng)的反抗情緒。韓昭侯八年(公元前355年),韓國(guó)任用申不害為相,進(jìn)行改革。改革的主要內(nèi)容是加強(qiáng)君權(quán)、任賢使能等。申不害改革,使韓國(guó)中央集權(quán)的專制體制基本形成。首先表現(xiàn)在君權(quán)的強(qiáng)化,廢除世卿世祿制度,將世襲大族改變?yōu)閲?guó)君可以任免調(diào)遣的官吏,任命官員的權(quán)力收歸到國(guó)君手中,加強(qiáng)了國(guó)君對(duì)官員的控制力。另外,韓國(guó)對(duì)官員實(shí)行文武分職,對(duì)封君權(quán)力進(jìn)行限制,國(guó)君掌握軍隊(duì)調(diào)動(dòng)的權(quán)力,在地方上實(shí)行郡縣二級(jí)的行政管理制等,這些都是君權(quán)走向?qū)Ｖ频谋憩F(xiàn)。改革之后,韓國(guó)在外交上倒向魏國(guó),兩國(guó)之間有了短暫的和平。但是改革也帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的弊端,韓昭侯過(guò)度用“術(shù)”,大大限制了官員的主動(dòng)性,嚴(yán)重影響了行政機(jī)關(guān)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效率。另外,一邊倒的投向強(qiáng)大的魏國(guó),使韓國(guó)在外交上變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)。韓昭侯統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,韓國(guó)國(guó)勢(shì)開(kāi)始衰退。首先,韓國(guó)對(duì)內(nèi)管理措施的失誤,以及外交政策的欠妥,是影響韓國(guó)政治發(fā)展的重要原因。另外,韓國(guó)西臨王室、東鄰強(qiáng)魏的地緣位置,也使韓國(guó)很難向外發(fā)展。韓國(guó)在戰(zhàn)國(guó)七雄之中,是始終屬于較弱地位的諸侯國(guó)。
[Abstract]:Whether in or after the Han state for Drummond period, power is weak. The Han family is ancient Jin Huan Shu, known as the "one family". In the early years of spring and Autumn period, Duke Xian "gongzu", "extinct group childe" background, as a "Huan family" Han being hit list, almost suffered. The king crowning calamity period in Zhao Dun's recommendation, "Zhao in animal" Han Jue served as the Sima post, which gradually become the development of Han, Jin. Han's family has been able to win in the Jin clan, became one of the three sub Jin strong family, the first is Han Jue, Han Jin in the military and their management of the Han family, followed by Zhao, Wei Han's alliance. Jin is military policy, as well as Jin, Chu's background provides a good opportunity for the development of Han Jin. At the beginning of three. Still Keep the alliance, called Shanxi. Under the leadership of Wei Wenhou, Shanxi combined with Qi Chu, invincible, and finally in 403 BC, the Zhou emperor forced three "name", as a vassal country. After South Korea, the most urgent requirement is to open the Central Plains Road, to the development of the central Plains early in the three sub regions. That's when Han had "swallow Zheng", and made full preparations for the destruction of Zheng Guo. Subsequently, South Korea in the process of attacking the Central Plains in the constantly eroded Zheng Guo captured the jurisdiction, South Korea's capital moved from Pingyang to the original belongs to Zheng Guo. Yiyang, after Yang Zhai as a frontier military base attack, Zheng was the capital. In 375 BC, South Korea finally destroyed Zheng Guo, and South Korea's move to Xinzheng. However, the South situation is not optimistic, because of the powerful gongzu, South Korea's capital and the formation of several times The different power group, such as between the public rooms and families, each family contradiction between the increasingly deepened, eventually led to the assassination of Han Xiangxia murdered and tired Yanzhong events. Han Yihou succeeded, his father was murdered not to Yanzhong events accountable, the reason as the following four points: first, Han Yihou and Han strict is the same interest group. In second, Han Yihou is weak, He Jun each interest group the result of a compromise inheritance. Third, Hanguo Gang Zheng gongzu capital soon, need the support forces to fight against the old Zheng Guo family revolt. Fourth, third Jin Alliance, all breed. But it is certain that the Han Yihou period, monarchical power has been strengthened. This is also Han Yihou, Han Zhaohou to appointment shenbuhai phase, reasons for the smooth reform. Before the reform, South Korea. In the domestic trouble and foreign invasion in foreign relations, the alliance, South Korea Under a strong military threat from the state of Wei. The main problems within South Korea is gongzu powerful political, increasingly corrupt, Zheng Zheng after death still have strong emotional resistance. Han Zhaohou eight years (355 BC), South Korea and shenbuhai phase, reform the main content of the reform. Is to strengthen the monarchical power. Shenbuhai reform appoint people on their merit, so that South Korea centralized autocratic system basic formation. The first performance in the strengthening of monarchical power, abolishing the hereditary system, the hereditary family changed to monarch fielding appointing officials, appointed officials the power reverted to the monarch's hands, to strengthen the control of the monarch force officials. In addition, South Korea to implement the separation between civilian and military posts of officials, restrictions on the emperor power, king master to mobilize the army power, two counties implemented administrative management system in place, these are the autocratic performance reform. After South Korea, backward in diplomacy between the two countries Wei, a brief peace. But the reform has also brought serious drawbacks, Han Zhaohou excessive use of "technique", greatly limits the initiative of officials, seriously affected the administrative efficiency. In addition, one-sided to powerful Wei, so that South Korea in diplomacy becomes passive. During the reign of the Han Zhaohou, South Korea began to decline. First, South Korea on management measures of errors, and foreign policy defect, is an important factor affecting the Korean political development. In addition, South West of the royal family, the East Wei strong geopolitical position, the South Korea South Korea is difficult to develop outwards. In the Warring States, is always belongs to the weak position of the vassal state.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：K231

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