【摘要】：雅典城邦在公元前4世紀(jì)的各種“危機(jī)”,是某些現(xiàn)代學(xué)者理論塑造的結(jié)果。越來越多的學(xué)者開始注意到,這一時(shí)期的雅典城邦在公民集體的規(guī)模、經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展以及民主政治等方面都保持了相當(dāng)?shù)姆�(wěn)定性,顯示出頑強(qiáng)的生命力。在促成穩(wěn)定的諸多因素中,民主制的作用至關(guān)重要：由公民大會(huì)、陪審法庭和議事會(huì)以及各種公共官職構(gòu)成的決策、司法和行政三大機(jī)制,在公元前4世紀(jì)呈現(xiàn)出不斷規(guī)范化和專業(yè)化的趨勢(shì)。這些變化一方面促進(jìn)了公民的政治參預(yù),另一方面也對(duì)公民的參預(yù)行為進(jìn)行了規(guī)范,從而使城邦決策更加謹(jǐn)慎,司法更加公正,行政更加有效率。而公民對(duì)這些機(jī)制的廣泛參預(yù),就使之成為維護(hù)雅典城邦相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的最重要和最常態(tài)的調(diào)控力量。具體而言,精英階層與普通公民,在參預(yù)城邦決策的過程中,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)城邦的共同治理。前者憑借知識(shí)水平和演說技能等方面的優(yōu)勢(shì),在決策過程中起著引導(dǎo)作用,而后者不僅可以與之現(xiàn)場(chǎng)互動(dòng),而且還可以更為積極地發(fā)起動(dòng)議。更為重要的是,普通民眾還掌握著最終的決定權(quán),并對(duì)決策之前的民意和輿論有著重大影響。在對(duì)司法機(jī)制的參預(yù)中,大量公民直接參預(yù)各類公私案件的審理和判決,同時(shí),由于各種矛盾都被公開辯論,司法機(jī)制還為緩和各種社會(huì)矛盾和宣泄不滿情緒提供了一個(gè)可靠的“減壓閥”。而雅典公民通過各種公職參預(yù)到城邦的行政體系之中,不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了民主制“輪流執(zhí)政”的理想,而且還較為高效地實(shí)現(xiàn)了城邦在行政管理、軍事管理以及社會(huì)事務(wù)管理方面的職能,因此,在公民的廣泛參預(yù)下,共同決策、公正司法以及“輪流執(zhí)政”的各項(xiàng)機(jī)制,為公元前4世紀(jì)雅典城邦的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定提供了強(qiáng)有力的保障。與此同時(shí),參預(yù)的過程還塑造了有助于維護(hù)城邦穩(wěn)定的意識(shí)形態(tài)。具體而言,共同決策的機(jī)制使得尊重民主和友愛互惠的觀念深入人心,這就使得雅典民主政治的內(nèi)在矛盾——在私有制基礎(chǔ)上,政治平等與經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等之間的矛盾,并主要表現(xiàn)為較為富有的精英階層與貧窮公民之間的矛盾——在公元前4世紀(jì)并不那么尖銳。而在參預(yù)司法的過程中,法律至上的觀念頗為流行,公民的法律意識(shí)得以提高,逐漸拋棄了原始的崇尚報(bào)復(fù)的觀念,代之以主張自我克制、寬容以及在法律框架內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)和解的觀念。同時(shí),公而雅典行政機(jī)制中強(qiáng)制力薄弱的特點(diǎn),則反映了雅典公民反對(duì)強(qiáng)制,主張說服的自由和民主精神,同時(shí)又反映出雅典政治文化中追求和諧穩(wěn)定的愿望�？傊�,公民對(duì)民主機(jī)構(gòu)廣泛參預(yù),不僅使雅典民主制更加高效地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來,而且還塑造了雅典人崇尚互惠、鼓勵(lì)包容,反對(duì)強(qiáng)制的民主意識(shí)形態(tài),這與民主制本身一起,共同實(shí)現(xiàn)和維護(hù)了雅典城邦在公元前4世紀(jì)的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:The "crises" of the Athens polis in the 4 th century BC were the result of the theories of some modern scholars. More and more scholars began to notice that the Athens city-state in this period maintained considerable stability in the scale of the collective citizens, economic recovery and development, as well as democratic politics, showing tenacious vitality. Of the many factors contributing to stability, the role of democracy is crucial: the three major mechanisms of decision-making, justice and administration, made up of citizens' assemblies, jury courts and councils, as well as various public offices, In the 4 th century BC, it showed a trend of standardization and specialization. On the one hand, these changes promote citizens' political participation, on the other hand, they also regulate citizens' participation behavior, thus making polis decision-making more cautious, justice more fair, and administration more efficient. The citizen's extensive participation in these mechanisms makes them become the most important and normal regulating force to maintain the relative stability of the Athens polis. Specifically, the elite and ordinary citizens, in the process of participating in the polis-state decision-making, realize the common governance of the city-state. The former plays a leading role in the decision-making process by virtue of the advantages of knowledge and speech skills, while the latter not only can interact with it on the spot, but also can initiate a motion more actively. More importantly, ordinary people still hold the final decision and have a great influence on the public opinion and public opinion before the decision. In the participation of judicial mechanisms, a large number of citizens directly participate in the trial and adjudication of various types of public and private cases, and at the same time, due to various contradictions, they are openly debated, The judicial mechanism also provides a reliable relief valve for relieving social conflicts and disaffection. By participating in the administrative system of the city-state through various public offices, the Athenian citizens not only realized the ideal of "governing by turns" of the democratic system, but also more efficiently realized the administration of the city-state. Functions in the management of military and social affairs, and therefore, with the broad participation of citizens, joint decision-making, fair justice and mechanisms for "rotation of government", It provides a strong guarantee for the relative stability of the Athens city-states in the 4 th century BC. At the same time, the process of participation has shaped the ideology that helps to maintain the stability of the polis. In particular, the mechanism of joint decision-making has brought the concept of respect for democracy and fraternity to the hearts of the people, which makes the inherent contradiction between political equality and economic inequality on the basis of private ownership. And the conflict between the wealthier elite and poor citizens-less acute in the fourth century BC. In the process of participating in the administration of justice, the idea of the supremacy of law was quite popular, and the legal consciousness of citizens was raised, gradually abandoning the original concept of veneration of revenge, and replacing it with the idea of self-restraint. The concept of tolerance and reconciliation within the framework of the law. At the same time, the characteristics of public and weak coercive power in Athens administrative mechanism reflect Athenian citizens' opposition to coercion, the freedom and democratic spirit of persuasion, and the desire to pursue harmony and stability in Athenian political culture. In short, the broad participation of citizens in democratic institutions not only made the Athenian democracy work more efficiently, but also shaped the Athenians' advocacy of reciprocity, encouragement of tolerance and opposition to a compulsory democratic ideology, which, along with democracy itself, Together, the Athenian city-state was relatively stable in the fourth century BC.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D09;K125

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 崔麗娜;;雅典執(zhí)政官任用程序的歷史考察[J];安徽史學(xué);2006年01期

2 解光云;;古典時(shí)期雅典城邦對(duì)貧富差距的制度調(diào)適[J];安徽史學(xué);2006年04期

3 黃洋;;古代希臘的城邦與宗教——以雅典為個(gè)案的探討[J];北京大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2010年06期

4 李尚君;;公元前4世紀(jì)雅典的“激進(jìn)民主制”[J];復(fù)旦學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2009年03期

5 張春梅;;權(quán)力制衡還是法律至上?——公元前4世紀(jì)雅典陪審法庭地位分析[J];古代文明;2010年04期

6 石慶波;;城邦:無國(guó)家的社會(huì)——關(guān)于希臘城邦國(guó)家資格的爭(zhēng)論[J];世界歷史;2011年04期

7 黃洋;雅典民主政治新論[J];世界歷史;1994年01期

8 徐松巖;古典時(shí)代雅典奴隸人數(shù)考析──兼評(píng)“持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)說”[J];世界歷史;1994年03期

9 崔麗娜;陶片放逐制芻議[J];江西社會(huì)科學(xué);2003年09期

10 崔麗娜;雅典五百人議事會(huì)的任命和運(yùn)作[J];歷史教學(xué);2003年12期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 蔣保;演說術(shù)與雅典民主政治[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2005年

，

本文編號(hào)：2296582