【摘要】：平等是現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)研究的一項(xiàng)重要課題。盧梭對(duì)于平等觀的論述具有劃時(shí)代意義。他以自然人性為起點(diǎn),通過批判現(xiàn)代國(guó)家自然法的不平等起源凸顯人類社會(huì)從平等到不平等的發(fā)展歷程。同時(shí),在此基礎(chǔ)上,他試圖運(yùn)用“公意”打破現(xiàn)代社會(huì)不平等狀態(tài),運(yùn)用契約賦予每個(gè)社會(huì)成員——公民的社會(huì)身份建立相對(duì)平等的社會(huì)關(guān)系。盧梭的平等觀對(duì)于后世政治哲學(xué)具有巨大的啟發(fā)意義。薩拜因認(rèn)為,盧梭“對(duì)于社會(huì)的再發(fā)現(xiàn)”開啟了關(guān)于黑格爾和馬克思在內(nèi)的一個(gè)全新的社會(huì)理論傳統(tǒng)。而列奧·施特勞斯在《現(xiàn)代性的三次浪潮》、《盧梭：那轉(zhuǎn)折的一幕》等文章中則明確指出,盧梭是第一個(gè)從現(xiàn)代性內(nèi)部反思現(xiàn)代性的思想家,盧梭關(guān)于不平等的批判和社會(huì)聯(lián)合思想構(gòu)成了馬克思哲學(xué)的重要問題意識(shí)和理論前提。本文著眼于盧梭的平等觀問題,通過史學(xué)考察方式呈現(xiàn)盧梭平等觀的核心問題；并運(yùn)用馬克思的唯物史觀視角,探索盧梭與馬克思之間關(guān)于平等問題的傳承關(guān)系,以及馬克思對(duì)于這一問題的解決。在此思路下,本文主要分為三個(gè)部分：第一部分,探討、比較近現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)家的平等觀,追蹤平等觀的哲學(xué)史沿革,呈現(xiàn)盧梭平等觀的理論傳承關(guān)系及其在近現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)思想家中的地位和突破性價(jià)值；第二部分,以文獻(xiàn)史的方法,探討盧梭平等觀的核心問題。其中包括盧梭批判現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的起點(diǎn)、人的自然狀態(tài)預(yù)設(shè)、私有財(cái)產(chǎn)原罪與公民社會(huì)的產(chǎn)生、“公意”社會(huì)、立法和國(guó)家之間的問題及盧梭對(duì)此問題的解決途徑。第三部分,以馬克思的唯物史觀為基礎(chǔ),探討盧梭平等觀與馬克思思想之間的傳承關(guān)系,同時(shí)以馬克思思想為原則,對(duì)盧梭的平等思想進(jìn)行總體評(píng)價(jià)�？偟膩碚f,盧梭關(guān)于平等觀的論述具有重要意義。首先,盧梭立足于平等觀點(diǎn)對(duì)十八世紀(jì)理性主義傳統(tǒng)和自然法體系的批判,這對(duì)理解現(xiàn)代社會(huì)具有深遠(yuǎn)影響。其次,盧梭對(duì)于平等觀的論述深刻地啟發(fā)了馬克思。馬克思對(duì)于盧梭平等觀的思想中有益的成分作為自己的理論根源,但又保持著與盧梭不同的無產(chǎn)階級(jí)立場(chǎng),通過對(duì)資本主義的批判來揭露資產(chǎn)階級(jí)平等思想的虛假,進(jìn)而展示了人人自由、平等且全面發(fā)展的共產(chǎn)主義圖景。
[Abstract]:Equality is an important subject in the study of modern political philosophy. Rousseau's theory of equality is of epoch-making significance. Taking natural human nature as the starting point, he highlighted the development of human society from equality to inequality through criticizing the origin of inequality of natural law in modern countries. At the same time, on this basis, he tries to use "public will" to break the state of inequality in modern society, and to establish a relatively equal social relationship with the social identity of each member of the society. Rousseau's view of equality has great enlightening significance for later political philosophy. Sabine believes that Rousseau's rediscovery of society opens a new tradition of social theory, including Hegel and Marx. In three waves of modernity, Rousseau: the turning scene, Leo Strauss clearly pointed out that Rousseau was the first thinker to reflect modernity from the inside of modernity. Rousseau's criticism of inequality and social union constitute the important problem consciousness and theoretical premise of Marx's philosophy. This paper focuses on Rousseau's concept of equality, presents the core problem of Rousseau's view of equality through historical investigation, and explores the inheritance relationship between Rousseau and Marx on the issue of equality from the perspective of Marx's historical materialism. And Marx's solution to this problem. In this way of thinking, this paper is divided into three parts: the first part, discusses, compares the modern and modern political philosophers' view of equality, tracks the evolution of the philosophy of equality view, It presents the theoretical inheritance of Rousseau's theory of equality and its position and breakthrough value in modern political philosophy. The second part discusses the core issues of Rousseau's view of equality by the method of literature history. It includes the starting point of Rousseau's critique of modern society, the presupposition of man's natural state, the original sin of private property and the emergence of civil society, the problems between the "public will" society, the legislation and the state, and Rousseau's solution to this problem. The third part, on the basis of Marx's historical materialism, discusses the inheritance relationship between Rousseau's concept of equality and Marx's thought. At the same time, taking Marx's thought as the principle, the author evaluates Rousseau's thought of equality as a whole. In general, Rousseau's exposition on the concept of equality is of great significance. Firstly, Rousseau criticizes the rationalism tradition and natural law system in the 18th century, which has a profound influence on the understanding of modern society. Secondly, Rousseau's exposition on the concept of equality deeply inspired Marx. Marx's thought of Rousseau's concept of equality was rooted in his own theory, but he maintained a proletarian position different from that of Rousseau and exposed the falsehood of the idea of bourgeois equality through criticism of capitalism. In turn, it showed the communist vision of freedom, equality and full development for all.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：B565.26

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