【摘要】： 民主的失誤,是指由于多種多樣的原因使得民主實踐的過程、結果與民主的科學性要求或者民主的目標之間出現(xiàn)了偏差,導致了民主實踐的過失與錯誤。民主的失誤包含民主的失敗,研究民主的失誤自然包含對民主的失敗的研究。民主失誤的補救,是指對民主實踐中的過失與錯誤,通過采取各種措施對其加以救助或彌補,從而使民主的實踐走向正確的道路或者補償民主失誤造成的不利后果,最終目的在于減少甚至避免不應有的民主失誤,以確保民主的實踐與民主的科學性要求或者目標之間的差距逐步縮小,甚至與民主的科學性要求或目標合一。 民主失誤的法治化補救,是指通過法治化的方式對民主實踐過程中的民主失誤進行彌補和挽回。通過良法的制定、調整與實施對不同的民主失誤加以補救,從而推動民主實踐在補救民主失誤的過程中向民主的科學性要求或者目標前進。研究民主失誤的法治化補救,其意義主要體現(xiàn)在:拓展研究民主問題的視角,深化對法的功能與價值的認識,完善民主的法治化路徑,豐富法學與政治學理論,推動民主實踐的理性發(fā)展,充實評估民主的標準與方式。 民主實踐中的失誤主要表現(xiàn)在:社會秩序的混亂,決策效能低下,公民權利受到侵害,多數(shù)人的暴政,少數(shù)人的集權等。民主實踐中出現(xiàn)失誤的主要原因在于:民主認識上出現(xiàn)偏差,民主基礎與條件的不足,民主目標的設定不當,民主規(guī)則的缺失與無效,公共權力不受有效制約,正當程序的缺位等。 民主失誤的法治化補救的可能性主要在于:法能夠提供穩(wěn)定的社會秩序,法能夠提高民主的效能,法能夠保障公民權利,法能夠制約公權力,法能夠提供修正民主失誤的正當程序等。民主失誤的法治化補救具有一定的相對性:并非所有的民主失誤都能夠得到補救,法治化并不是補救民主失誤的唯一路徑,民主失誤的法治化補救方式并不總是有效的。 法律通過保障公民權利補救民主失誤。民主失誤與公民權利之間存在密切的聯(lián)系,公民權利受到侵害是民主失誤的表現(xiàn)或者后果,它還會造成民主的其他失誤。法律保障公民權利補救民主失誤的可能性在于,法律保障公民權利可以糾正公權力濫用、使社會無序趨于有序和提高民主的效能。法律保障公民權利以補救民主失誤的基本方式在于公民權利的法律確認和法律救濟。 法律通過制約公權力補救民主失誤。民主失誤與公共權力之間存在密切的聯(lián)系,公共權力被濫用是民主失誤的表現(xiàn)或者后果,它可能會造成民主的其他失誤。法律通過制約公權力補救民主失誤的可能性在于,法律制約權力可以救濟公民權利、使社會無序趨于有序和提高民主的效能。法律制約權力以補救民主失誤的基本方式在于權力的法律配置、法律監(jiān)督、法律責任與政治責任。 正當法律程序是民主失誤的法治化補救的一條重要路徑。法律以正當程序補救民主失誤的可能性在于,正當法律程序可以糾正公權力濫用、糾正社會無序與提高民主效能和救濟公民權利。法律以正當程序補救民主失誤的基本前提是程序共識與程序公開,法律以正當?shù)牧⒎�、司法、行政以及選舉程序補救民主失誤。 違憲審查是民主失誤的法治化補救的重要途徑。民主憲法的存在是違憲審查補救民主失誤的前提。法律以違憲審查補救民主失誤的可能性在于,違憲審查可以糾正公權力濫用以及救濟公民權利。違憲審查通過保障憲法的實施和審查法律的合憲性補救民主的失誤。 中國在民主實踐的過程中同樣也存在著失誤。中國的民主失誤有著獨特性,它的出現(xiàn)有著獨特的思想與文化上的原因,比如缺少孕育學術與思想自由的人文環(huán)境等。新中國成立前民主失誤的法治化補救進行了一些嘗試,但大都歸于失敗。新中國成立后,民主失誤的法治化補救在經(jīng)歷一系列挫折后逐步摸索出了一些比較成功的路徑,總結這些路徑可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一些民主失誤的法治化補救的基本規(guī)律:建立和完善公民政治權利保障的法治機制,建立和完善政治權力的法律制約機制,設置完善的補救民主失誤的法律程序等�？傊�,憲政是中國民主失誤的法治化補救的基礎和前提。研究民主失誤的法治化補救對于中國的民主政治建設有著重要的意義,這些意義體現(xiàn)在:深化對社會主義民主與法治之間關系的認識,完善具有中國特色的社會主義民主的具體實現(xiàn)形式,預防社會主義民主的未來可能性失誤。
[Abstract]:The failure of democracy refers to the process of democratic practice caused by various reasons and the deviation between the result and the scientific requirement of democracy or the goal of democracy, which leads to the fault and error of democratic practice. The remedy of mistakes refers to the remedy of mistakes and mistakes in democratic practice by taking various measures to help or make up for them, so as to make the practice of democracy go to the right road or compensate for the adverse consequences caused by democratic mistakes. The ultimate aim is to reduce or even avoid undesirable democratic mistakes so as to ensure the practice and democracy of democracy. The gap between scientific requirements or objectives is gradually narrowed, even in harmony with democratic scientific requirements or objectives.
The rule of law remedy of democratic errors refers to the remedy and recovery of democratic errors in the process of democratic practice by means of rule of law. Through the enactment of good laws, the adjustment and implementation of different democratic errors can be remedied, so as to promote democratic practice in the process of remedying democratic errors to democratic scientific requirements or goals. The significance of studying the remedy of democratic errors by rule of law lies in: expanding the perspective of studying democratic problems, deepening the understanding of the function and value of law, perfecting the path of democratic legalization, enriching the theory of law and politics, promoting the rational development of democratic practice, and enriching the standards and methods of evaluating democracy.
The mistakes in democratic practice are mainly manifested in the disorder of social order, the inefficiency of decision-making, the infringement of civil rights, the tyranny of the majority and the centralization of the minority, etc. Lack and invalidity, public power is not effectively restricted, and due process is absent.
The possibility of legal remedy for democratic errors lies in that law can provide a stable social order, law can improve the efficiency of democracy, law can protect civil rights, law can restrict public power, law can provide a proper procedure to correct democratic errors, etc. All democratic mistakes can be remedied. Rule of law is not the only way to remedy democratic mistakes. The remedy of democratic mistakes by rule of law is not always effective.
The law remedies democratic mistakes by guaranteeing civil rights. There is a close relationship between democratic mistakes and civil rights. The infringement of civil rights is the manifestation or consequence of democratic mistakes, and it also causes other democratic mistakes. The possibility of remedying democratic mistakes by guaranteeing civil rights by law is that civil rights can be corrected by guaranteeing civil rights by law. The abuse of public power leads to disorder of society and improves the efficiency of democracy.
Law can remedy democratic errors by restricting public power. There is a close relationship between democratic errors and public power. Abuse of public power is a manifestation or consequence of democratic errors. It may cause other democratic errors. The basic ways of restricting power to remedy democratic mistakes lie in the legal allocation of power, legal supervision, legal responsibility and political responsibility.
Due process of law is an important way to remedy democratic errors. The possibility of remedying democratic errors by due process of law lies in that due process of law can correct abuse of public power, correct social disorder, improve democratic efficiency and relieve civil rights. Orderly consensus and procedural openness, the law remedies democratic errors by legitimate legislation, judicature, administration and electoral procedures.
Constitutional review is an important way to remedy democratic errors by law. The existence of a democratic constitution is a prerequisite for constitutional review to remedy democratic errors. The constitutionality of the law remedies the faults of democracy.
There are also mistakes in the process of democratic practice in China. China's democratic mistakes have their own peculiarities, and their appearance has unique ideological and cultural reasons, such as the lack of a humanistic environment for academic and ideological freedom. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the legal remedy of democratic errors has gradually explored some relatively successful paths after a series of setbacks. Summarizing these paths, we can find some basic laws of the legal remedy of democratic errors: establishing and improving the legal mechanism of protecting citizens'political rights, and establishing and perfecting the legal system of political power. In a word, constitutionalism is the foundation and prerequisite for the legalization of China's democratic errors. It is of great significance to study the legalization of democratic errors for China's democratic political construction, which is reflected in deepening the relationship between socialist democracy and the rule of law. To understand and perfect the concrete realization forms of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics and prevent the possible future mistakes of socialist democracy.
【學位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D082

【引證文獻】

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 邱曉里;民主實現(xiàn)的法治機制[D];中共中央黨校;2012年

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本文編號：2249837