【摘要】：盧梭是在啟蒙思想家中對平等關(guān)注、研究和倡導(dǎo)最多的一位,是法國啟蒙運動中最偉大的平等論者。他關(guān)于自由和平等的理論,移動了啟蒙運動和古典自由主義的思想重心,結(jié)束了一個時代,就這方面來說,盧梭是偉大的。盧梭追求民主、自由、平等的精神,永遠(yuǎn)鼓舞人類不斷前進(jìn)。 盧梭認(rèn)為在自然狀態(tài)下,自然人的本性是自愛心和憐憫心。自然人心中是沒有任何社會狀態(tài)下人的道德觀念的,他們是天然平等而自由的,過著一種孤獨而幸福的美好生活。當(dāng)人類進(jìn)入到社會狀態(tài)之后,天然的平等與自由消失了。伴隨著人的“完善化”能力的發(fā)展,藝術(shù)和知識的產(chǎn)生,人與人之間的不平等現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生了。尤其是私有制的出現(xiàn),使得這種社會不平等變得根深蒂固。在君主專制社會中,社會不平等達(dá)到了頂峰。盧梭反思啟蒙運動所歌頌的理性、科技與知識的種種弊端,深刻地指出了私有制是人類社會不平等的根源。盧梭以他天才般的自發(fā)的辯證法思想,預(yù)測了當(dāng)社會不平等達(dá)到頂峰之后,人民會起來以暴力推翻它,在公意的基礎(chǔ)之上締結(jié)新的社會契約,進(jìn)而組成國家。以法律和人民主權(quán)來建構(gòu)一種理想的社會平等,實現(xiàn)一種真正符合自然法的正義理念之下的社會平等。盧梭認(rèn)為,只有在這種以公意和主權(quán)為保障的社會平等制度中,才能真正實現(xiàn)人的自由和幸福。但他在著作中對于主權(quán)者、公意和立法者等概念的闡述過于抽象朦朧,導(dǎo)致其政治制度的設(shè)想在現(xiàn)實層面中缺少可操作性,容易被人借公意之名行專制之實,隱藏著極權(quán)主義的暗流。因此,盧梭的平等和自由思想之間存在著一些難以解決的矛盾和悖論。 盧梭的平等思想富有激情與革命精神,不僅對于西方后世社會的政治變革產(chǎn)生了很大影響,而且對于西方后世的平等思想也影響深遠(yuǎn)。盧梭的平等思想博大豐富且歷久彌新,對當(dāng)前我國社會主義和諧社會的的建設(shè)也具有借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:Rousseau was one of the enlightenment thinkers who paid more attention to equality, studied and advocated most, and was the greatest egalitarian in the French Enlightenment. His theory of freedom and equality shifted the center of thought of the Enlightenment and classical liberalism, ending an era in which Rousseau was great. Rousseau's pursuit of democracy, freedom, and equality always inspires mankind to move forward. Rousseau believes that in nature, natural nature is self-love and compassion. Natural persons have no moral concept in any social state. They are naturally equal and free and lead a happy and lonely life. The natural equality and freedom disappeared when the human being entered the social state. Along with the development of human's "perfection" ability, the creation of art and knowledge, the inequality between people. In particular, the emergence of private ownership, such social inequality has become deeply rooted. In the autocratic monarchy, social inequality has reached its peak. Rousseau reflected on the rationality, science and technology and knowledge, and pointed out that private ownership was the root of the inequality of human society. Rousseau, with his genius and spontaneous dialectics, predicted that when social inequality reached its peak, the people would rise to overthrow it by violence, forge a new social contract on the basis of common will, and then form a state. To construct an ideal social equality by law and people's sovereignty, and to realize a kind of social equality under the justice idea of natural law. Rousseau believed that only in this system of social equality, which is guaranteed by public will and sovereignty, can human freedom and happiness be realized. However, his elaboration of the concepts of sovereignty, public will and legislator in his works is too abstract and hazy, which leads to the lack of maneuverability of his political system in reality, and is easy to be used to practice autocracy in the name of public will. There is a hidden undercurrent of totalitarianism. Therefore, there are some contradictions and paradoxes between Rousseau's thought of equality and freedom. Rousseau's thought of equality is full of passion and revolutionary spirit, which not only has a great influence on the political change of the later western society, but also has a profound influence on the thought of equality in the western later generations. Rousseau's thought of equality is rich and old, which is of great significance to the construction of socialist harmonious society in our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D095.65

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本文編號：2201522