【摘要】：民主社會主義是19世紀末產(chǎn)生并由社會民主黨所信奉的理論體系，它與科學(xué)社會主義具有共同的理論淵源。19世紀初，民主社會主義的主要代表伯恩斯坦與科學(xué)社會主義逐漸分道揚鑣，提出了逐漸背離馬克思主義的立場、觀點的學(xué)說，逐漸形成了民主社會主義理論。民主社會主義經(jīng)歷了從理論到實踐，從運動到模式，從歐洲到世界的發(fā)展歷程，在世界政治舞臺具有廣泛的影響。 民主社會主義發(fā)源于西歐，產(chǎn)生后不斷向東傳播和演化，東歐國家共產(chǎn)黨首先出現(xiàn)了“社會黨化”的現(xiàn)象，出現(xiàn)了“新馬克思主義”；西歐、南歐等國家的社會黨普遍信奉民主社會主義；在蘇聯(lián)產(chǎn)生了赫魯曉夫、勃列日涅夫的“全民黨”和“全民國家”，最后演變?yōu)楦隊柊蛦谭虻摹叭说赖摹⒚裰鞯纳鐣髁x”。同時，民主社會主義向亞、非、拉等國家不斷擴散，影響迅速攀升，先后在亞、非、拉等國家產(chǎn)生了一批信仰民主社會主義的社會民主主義國家。但是，蘇東劇變之后，冷戰(zhàn)格局解體，世界社會主義運動遭遇了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，民主社會主義對傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)社會主義形成了空前的挑戰(zhàn)，社會黨不斷的侵占共產(chǎn)黨的陣地。 近年來，在國內(nèi)圍繞民主社會主義的本質(zhì)以及民主社會主義與中國特色社會主義的關(guān)系問題，中國的選擇是中國特色社會主義還是民主社會主義，在中國的理論界展開了激烈的交鋒。這場對民主社會主義的研討不是純粹的學(xué)術(shù)論爭，而是具有現(xiàn)實政治意味的意識形態(tài)的論戰(zhàn)，其直接的政治價值指向是中國的發(fā)展道路的問題，即中國向何處去。是繼續(xù)堅持和完善中國特色社會主義理論體系，走中國特色社會主義道路不動搖，還是改弦更張。為了全面科學(xué)準確地認識和評價民主社會主義，本論文以民主社會主義的經(jīng)典文獻為出發(fā)點和研究依據(jù)，結(jié)合民主社會主義的實踐對民主社會主義進行了深入的研究，試圖深化對民主社會主義和中國特色社會主義的認識。 本論文主要以民主社會主義“改良觀”為主線，堅持以馬克思主義為指導(dǎo)，綜合運用歷史學(xué)、政治學(xué)、社會學(xué)、經(jīng)濟學(xué)等方面的相關(guān)知識，運用歷史唯物主義和辨證唯物主義的分析方法、比較研究方法、案例法等研究方法，對民主社會主義理論和實踐模式作出較為系統(tǒng)的論析。通過梳理民主社會主義的基本理論、思想根源、本質(zhì)特征、發(fā)展歷程，探索民主社會主義在不同國家和地區(qū)的不同的社會實踐模式，力求揭示民主社會主義實踐模式的經(jīng)驗和社會局限性，以及民主社會實踐模式對我國社會主義建設(shè)具有的借鑒意義。試圖從理論與實踐兩個層面對民主社會主義的研究有所創(chuàng)新。 在理論層面上總結(jié)和梳理民主社會主義的基本理論體系、思想來源、本質(zhì)特征，認為民主社會主義在基本價值觀方面，具有多元化的特征，主張世界觀中立和指導(dǎo)思想的多元化，反對把唯一的思想理論體系作為指導(dǎo)思想；在經(jīng)濟理論方面，主張經(jīng)濟民主，放棄公有制的訴求，實行混合所有制經(jīng)濟，采取高福利的分配制度和工人參與決策的經(jīng)濟民主模式；在政治理論方面，主張政治民主，承認和支持現(xiàn)代資本主義國家具有中立的、超階級的國家屬性，認為社會主義的實現(xiàn)前提是承認國家制度的合法性，主張多黨制和議會共和制的政治制度，通過民主的途徑和改良的方法逐步使現(xiàn)代資本主義國家逐漸形成社會主義國家；在國際問題和全球事務(wù)的政治理論方面，主張國際民主，認為社會民主黨追求的基本價值適用于國際范圍之內(nèi)，基本目標是追求世界和平與繁榮，建立和平與自由的世界。得出結(jié)論：民主社會主義實質(zhì)是一種資本主義改良主義思想體系,其基本理論體系并不是建立在科學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)之上的，與馬克思主義所提倡的科學(xué)社會主義有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。 在此基礎(chǔ)上，對中國特色社會主義與民主社會主義進行了比較研究，得出結(jié)論民主社會主義不適合當代中國，如果中國選擇民主社會主義，放棄馬克思主義的科學(xué)社會主義理論體系，不堅持“四項基本原則”，最終必然導(dǎo)致全盤西化，不能實現(xiàn)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國人民走上消滅剝削、消滅兩極分化、實現(xiàn)共同富裕的共產(chǎn)主義社會理想。對民主社會主義進行了評析，分析了民主社會主義的歷史貢獻及歷史局限性，在歷史貢獻主要表現(xiàn)在推動了公民權(quán)利和社會民主進程的發(fā)展，保障了資本主義社會的穩(wěn)定，推動了國際和平和發(fā)展等方面；在歷史局限性方面主要表現(xiàn)在對馬克思主義的基本理論觀點的曲解，放棄了公有制的主導(dǎo)地位，無法解決資本主義的弊端等方面。 在實踐層面上，總結(jié)了民主社會主義在西方社會取得的成就，探索民主社會主義的實踐模式對于社會發(fā)展的實際影響，同時認清民主社會主義的局限性。在對民主社會主義實踐模式系統(tǒng)歸納方面，本文從全球的視野，把民主社會主義實踐模式進行了歸納，總結(jié)出西歐典型的民主社會主義實踐模式、原蘇東功利型民主社會主義實踐模式、亞非拉國家和地區(qū)本土型民主社會主義實踐模式等三種民主社會主義實踐模式。分別從民主社會主義實踐模式形成的概況、發(fā)展歷程、具體實踐模式、模式特征、模式局限性等方面進行了詳細的闡述和分析。認識到民主社會主義作為一種運動和實踐模式，由于歷史原因和國情不同，在世界各地、各國的發(fā)展也是不平衡的，西歐地區(qū)主要是傳統(tǒng)歐洲的資本主義國家，是民主社會主義的發(fā)源地，受民主社會主義的影響根深蒂固，形成了典型的民主社會主義實踐模式，很多社民黨成為執(zhí)政黨，在本國積極探索民主社會主義實踐模式，因此，形成的民主社會主義模式具有典型性；在原蘇東地區(qū)，東歐劇變蘇聯(lián)解體以后，中東歐各國走上了民主社會主義的發(fā)展道路，由于受到原有的社會主義模式的影響，各國社民黨主要側(cè)重于尋求執(zhí)政為主要目標，政治實踐的功利性明顯增強，形成了具有中東歐功利型特色的民主社會主義實踐模式；在亞非拉地區(qū)，伴隨著資本主義的產(chǎn)生，亞非拉地區(qū)陷入了深刻的民族危機之中，成為資本主義國家爭奪的犧牲品，在亞非拉地區(qū)缺乏民主社會主義的發(fā)展土壤，社民黨在個別國家和地區(qū)成為執(zhí)政黨或參政黨，結(jié)合本國、本地區(qū)的實際情況，形成了本土型的民主社會主義實踐模式�？偨Y(jié)了民主社會主義實踐模式對我國社會主義建設(shè)的一些啟示，啟示我們在社會主義經(jīng)濟建設(shè)方面要注重發(fā)揮市場機制作用和國家宏觀調(diào)控的關(guān)系，健全收入分配制度，加大增收遺產(chǎn)稅的力度，縮小貧富差距；在社會民主政治建設(shè)方面要注重發(fā)展社會主義民主，堅持依法治國方略，保障公民各項權(quán)利，加強廉政建設(shè)，提高黨的執(zhí)政能力；在和諧社會建設(shè)方面，采取務(wù)實的做法，繼續(xù)探索改革之路，不斷豐富和發(fā)展馬克思主義理論。 本論文根據(jù)時代發(fā)展的需要，對民主社會主義理論和實踐模式進行了深入的剖析，具有一定的理論價值、應(yīng)用價值和學(xué)術(shù)價值。首先，通過對民主社會主義理論與實踐模式的研究，能夠幫助我們正確的認識和了解民主社會主義理論體系和價值追求、實踐模式，幫助我們認清社會民主黨在實踐民主社會主義理論時的方針、政策，了解其經(jīng)驗和教訓(xùn)，使得我們少走彎路；有助于我們正確看待近年來黨的理論創(chuàng)新和實踐創(chuàng)新，警惕共產(chǎn)黨社會黨化問題在中國的重演，以科學(xué)務(wù)實的態(tài)度重新審視民主社會主義在實踐中的積極和消極影響；有助于在新的歷史條件下創(chuàng)新黨的執(zhí)政理念和加強黨的執(zhí)政能力建設(shè)。其次，通過對民主社會主義理論與實踐模式的研究，有助于我們關(guān)注世界各國民主社會主義實踐國家的政治現(xiàn)狀，借鑒民主社會主義的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)，全面深刻地把握民主社會主義理論的成就與缺陷性，了解和把握當代國際政治的發(fā)展趨勢，探索社會主義的前途和命運。再次，對民主社會主義與中國特色社會主義的比較研究，從指導(dǎo)思想、社會制度訴求、政治制度實踐模式、政黨性質(zhì)等方面進行辨析，彌補了學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)于比較研究方面的一些不足，深化了對民主社會主義、科學(xué)社會主義、中國特色社會主義的理論實質(zhì)的認識，澄清了目前學(xué)術(shù)界和思想界關(guān)于民主社會主義與中國特色社會主義的爭論與混亂。最后，對于民主社會主義實踐模式的研究，有利于我們關(guān)注世界各國民主社會主義實踐國家的政治現(xiàn)狀，了解和把握當代國際政治的發(fā)展趨勢，，有助于我們了解民主社會主義的巨大影響及其對科學(xué)社會主義的挑戰(zhàn)，從而制定正確的政策，對中國特色社會主義建設(shè)具有極其重要的戰(zhàn)略意義，對于學(xué)者們進行民主社會主義研究具有一定的參考和借鑒價值，具有一定的學(xué)術(shù)價值。
[Abstract]:Democratic Socialism is a theoretical system that emerged at the end of the 19th century and is believed by the Social Democratic Party. It has a common theoretical origin with scientific socialism. The theory of democratic socialism has gradually come into being. Democratic socialism has experienced the development process from theory to practice, from movement to mode, from Europe to the world, and has a wide influence on the world political arena.
Democratic socialism originated in Western Europe, and spread and evolved eastward after its emergence. The Communist Party of Eastern European countries first appeared the phenomenon of "socialization" and "new Marxism"; the Socialist Party of Western Europe and Southern Europe generally believed in democratic socialism; and the "National Party" of Khrushchev and Brezhnev came into being in the Soviet Union. At the same time, democratic socialism spread to Asia, Africa and Latin America, and its influence rose rapidly. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, a number of socialist democracies believed in democratic socialism emerged. With the disintegration of the cold war, the world socialist movement has encountered tremendous challenges. Democratic socialism has posed unprecedented challenges to the traditional scientific socialism, and the Socialist Party has constantly occupied the position of the Communist Party.
In recent years, there has been a fierce confrontation in the theoretical circles of China over the nature of democratic socialism and the relationship between democratic socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics. This discussion on democratic socialism is not a purely academic controversy, but a heated debate on whether China will choose to be a socialism with Chinese characteristics or a socialism with democracy. It is an ideological debate with realistic political significance, whose direct political value is directed at the question of China's development path, that is, where China will go. Is it necessary to continue to adhere to and improve the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, take the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics unswervingly, or change the course of the debate? To evaluate democratic socialism, this paper takes the classical literature of democratic socialism as the starting point and research basis, and makes a thorough study of democratic socialism in combination with the practice of democratic socialism, trying to deepen the understanding of democratic socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics.
This paper mainly takes the "view of improvement" of democratic socialism as the main line, insists on taking Marxism as the guidance, comprehensively uses the relevant knowledge of history, politics, sociology, economics and so on, uses the analytical methods of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comparative research methods, case law and other research methods to study democratic socialism. Through combing the basic theory, ideological origin, essential characteristics and development process of democratic socialism, this paper explores the different social practice modes of democratic socialism in different countries and regions, and tries to reveal the experience and social limitations of the practice mode of democratic socialism, as well as the Democratic society. The mode of meeting and practice is of reference significance to the socialist construction of our country, and attempts to make innovations in the study of democratic socialism from both theoretical and practical levels.
Summarize and sort out the basic theoretical system, ideological sources and essential characteristics of democratic socialism on the theoretical level, think that democratic socialism has the characteristics of pluralism in the basic values, advocate the neutrality of world outlook and pluralism of guiding ideology, oppose the only ideological and theoretical system as the guiding ideology, and in the economic theory side. On the one hand, he advocates economic democracy, abandons the appeal of public ownership, implements mixed ownership economy, adopts the distribution system of high welfare and the economic democratic model of workers'participation in decision-making; on the other hand, he advocates political democracy, recognizes and supports the neutral and super-class national attribute of modern capitalist countries, and believes in the realization of socialism. The premise is to recognize the legitimacy of the state system, advocate the political system of multi-party system and parliamentary republic, gradually make the modern capitalist countries into socialist countries through democratic means and improved methods; advocate international democracy in the political theory of international issues and global affairs, and regard the Social Democratic Party as the foundation of pursuit. The basic goal is to pursue world peace and prosperity and establish a world of peace and freedom. It is concluded that democratic socialism is essentially a system of capitalist reformism, and its basic theoretical system is not based on the scientific theoretical basis, but on the science advocated by Marxism. There are essential differences in learning socialism.
On this basis, a comparative study is made between socialism with Chinese characteristics and democratic socialism, and the conclusion is drawn that democratic socialism is not suitable for contemporary China. It can lead the Chinese people to go up to eliminate exploitation, eliminate polarization and realize the communist ideal of common prosperity. This paper makes a comment on democratic socialism, analyzes its historical contribution and limitations, and mainly displays its historical contribution in promoting the development of civil rights and social democracy. It has promoted the stability of capitalist society and international peace and development, and its historical limitations are mainly manifested in the misinterpretation of Marxist basic theoretical viewpoints, the abandonment of the dominant position of public ownership and the inability to solve the drawbacks of capitalism.
On the practical level, it summarizes the achievements of democratic socialism in Western society, explores the practical influence of the practical mode of democratic socialism on social development, and recognizes the limitations of democratic socialism. Practice patterns are summarized and three kinds of practice patterns of democratic socialism are summarized, which are typical practice patterns of democratic socialism in Western Europe, the former practice patterns of utilitarian democratic socialism in eastern Soviet Union, and the practice patterns of indigenous democratic socialism in Asian, African and Latin American countries and regions. It is recognized that democratic socialism, as a kind of movement and practice mode, is uneven in the development of countries all over the world due to different historical reasons and national conditions. Western Europe is mainly a capitalist country in traditional Europe and a people. The birthplace of democratic socialism is deeply rooted in the influence of democratic socialism, forming a typical practice model of democratic socialism. Many social democratic parties have become ruling parties and actively explore the practice model of democratic socialism in their own countries. Therefore, the model of democratic socialism formed is typical; in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe has undergone drastic changes in the Soviet Union. After the disintegration, the Central and Eastern European countries embarked on the path of democratic socialism. Influenced by the original socialist model, the SPD mainly focused on seeking governance as the main goal, and the utilitarianism of political practice was obviously strengthened, forming a practical model of democratic socialism with utilitarian characteristics in Central and Eastern Europe. With the emergence of capitalism in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Latin America have fallen into a deep national crisis and become victims of the struggle of capitalist countries. There is no soil for the development of democratic socialism in Latin America, and the SPD has become a ruling party or a participating party in some countries and regions. This paper sums up some enlightenments from the practice model of democratic socialism to the socialist construction of our country, and enlightens us that we should pay attention to the role of market mechanism and the relationship between the state's macro-control in the socialist economic construction, improve the income distribution system, increase the income of inheritance tax and reduce it. In the construction of social democracy, we should pay attention to the development of socialist democracy, adhere to the general plan of ruling the country according to law, safeguard the rights of citizens, strengthen the construction of a clean government and improve the Party's ruling ability; in the construction of a harmonious society, we should adopt a pragmatic approach, continue to explore the road of reform, and constantly enrich and develop Marxist theory.
According to the needs of the development of the times, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the theory and practice model of democratic socialism, which has certain theoretical value, application value and academic value. Firstly, through the study of the theory and practice model of democratic socialism, we can correctly understand and understand the theoretical system of democratic socialism. And the pursuit of value and the mode of practice help us to understand clearly the principles and policies of the Social Democratic Party in the practice of the theory of democratic socialism, understand its experience and lessons, so that we can avoid detours; help us to correctly look at the theoretical and practical innovations of the Party in recent years, and guard against the repetition of the problem of the socialization of the Communist Party in China, so as to be scientific. A pragmatic attitude to re-examine the positive and negative effects of democratic socialism in practice will help us to innovate the Party's ruling ideas and strengthen the Party's ruling capacity under the new historical conditions. Secondly, through the study of the theory and practice of democratic socialism, we can pay close attention to the practice of democratic socialism around the world. The state's political situation, drawing on the experience and lessons of democratic socialism, comprehensively and profoundly grasps the achievements and defects of the theory of democratic socialism, understands and grasps the development trend of contemporary international politics, and explores the future and destiny of socialism. Thirdly, a comparative study of democratic socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics is conducted from the perspective of guidance. I think that the analysis of the demands of social system, the practice mode of political system and the nature of political parties has made up for some deficiencies in comparative studies in academic circles, deepened the understanding of the theoretical essence of democratic socialism, scientific socialism and socialism with Chinese characteristics, and clarified the current academic and ideological circles on democratic socialism. Finally, the study of the practical mode of democratic socialism will help us to pay close attention to the political status quo of the countries practicing democratic socialism in the world, understand and grasp the development trend of contemporary international politics, and help us understand the great influence of democratic socialism and its scientific society. The challenge of socialism and the formulation of correct policies are of great strategic significance to the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. They have certain reference value and academic value for scholars to study democratic socialism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D082

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