福山政治秩序理論研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-17 07:03
【摘要】：政治秩序理論問題是現(xiàn)代政治學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)話題,各個專家學(xué)者對于政治秩序理論內(nèi)涵的看法盡不相同,本文著重論述了福山對政治秩序理論的看法和觀點(diǎn)。海內(nèi)外關(guān)于政治秩序的研究著述頗多,但是很多學(xué)者都是從某一方面研究思路出發(fā)進(jìn)行單一方面的探究,缺乏學(xué)界需要的系統(tǒng)性與整體性,本文嘗試給福山的政治秩序理論勾勒出一條較為清晰的理論框架,從整體上對福山的政治秩序進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究,希望能給海內(nèi)外研究政治秩序的專家和學(xué)者提供某些借鑒和啟示。本文緊緊抓住福山政治秩序理論的核心:平衡的政治秩序,以此為研究起點(diǎn),系統(tǒng)邏輯的展開。其基本思路是,想要建立良好平衡的政治秩序,即“到達(dá)丹麥”這樣民主、高效、廉潔、公平的國家,無論是發(fā)展中國家或發(fā)達(dá)國家必須首先建立強(qiáng)大的政府,完成國家建構(gòu),這樣的國家建構(gòu)有哪些標(biāo)志呢?如:有健全的官僚體系、能為本國公民提供良好的公共服務(wù)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、強(qiáng)大的國防和政府執(zhí)行力。這是本國政治發(fā)展的前提條件。其次是建立良好的法治體系,形成完備的法治監(jiān)督體系,破除“人治”思維藩籬,建立“依法治國”為目標(biāo),在法律面前人人平等、人人守法、依法辦事的良好法治生態(tài)體系。再次是要建立民主負(fù)責(zé)制,通過自由和公正的多黨選舉制,使公民能給選擇和約束他們的統(tǒng)治者。最后是強(qiáng)大而穩(wěn)定的國家建構(gòu)——完善有效的法治體系——良好的民主負(fù)責(zé)制度三者之間的平衡。人類天生基于親戚選擇和互惠利他的原則進(jìn)行社會交往,這也為政治衰敗埋下了伏筆。構(gòu)成政治秩序要件的三大部分也有發(fā)展的順序,福山理想次序的論述中,先以有效國家建構(gòu)為前提,著重強(qiáng)調(diào)國家建構(gòu)對法治和民主負(fù)責(zé)制的基礎(chǔ)性作用,但是這種順序也存在些質(zhì)疑,不同國家有不同的發(fā)展模式至于哪一種順序更好要看本國的具體國情。在一定程度上,福山打破了美國的中心主義肯定了中國等發(fā)展中國家的某些優(yōu)勢,這是福山的突破。在推動政治秩序前進(jìn)的道路上,每個國家的政治制度的前進(jìn)都是按照變異和選擇的原則來適應(yīng)社會的發(fā)展要求,當(dāng)產(chǎn)生制度的環(huán)境發(fā)生變化時,如果制度不能適應(yīng),那么就面臨淘汰的危險,該國就會選擇另一項新的制度來代替落后的制度。政治衰敗的表現(xiàn)就是原有的政治秩序構(gòu)成要素?zé)o法適應(yīng)變化過的環(huán)境。美國的否決型政治就是典型的例子,美國權(quán)力體系中到處充滿了否決點(diǎn),一項議案的通過要經(jīng)歷各方的制衡與否決,效率極其低下,在福山看來基于親戚選擇和互惠利他原則的庇護(hù)政治使美國的政治前景黯淡,這就是所謂的美國政治衰敗。福山是典型的中國問題專家,中國歷史上發(fā)展出了第一個現(xiàn)代國家制度,然而在法治和民主負(fù)責(zé)制方面需要加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn),這一點(diǎn)對中國有極大的啟迪作用。
[Abstract]:The theory of political order is a hot topic in the study of modern political science, and various experts and scholars have different views on the connotation of political order theory. This paper focuses on Fukuyama's views and viewpoints on the theory of political order. There are a lot of works on political order at home and abroad, but many scholars have carried out a single research from a certain aspect, lacking the systematicness and wholeness that the academic circles need. This paper attempts to outline a clear theoretical framework for Fushan's political order theory, and makes a systematic study on Fushan's political order as a whole. Hope to provide some reference and inspiration to experts and scholars studying political order at home and abroad. This paper grasps the core of Fukuyama's political order theory: balanced political order. The basic idea is that in order to establish a good balanced political order, a democratic, efficient, clean and fair country such as "to Denmark", whether developing or developed, must first establish a strong government and complete the construction of the country. What are the symbols of such nation-building? For example, have a sound bureaucracy, can provide good public services and infrastructure for their citizens, strong defense and government execution. This is a prerequisite for political development in the country. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a good legal system, form a complete supervision system of the rule of law, break down the barriers of thinking of "rule by man", and establish a good ecological system of rule of law with the goal of "governing the country according to law", equality before the law, everyone abiding by the law, and handling affairs according to law. The third is to establish democratic accountability, through free and fair multiparty elections, to enable citizens to choose and bind their rulers. Finally, there is a balance between a strong and stable state-a perfect and effective system of rule of law-a good democratic system of responsibility. The fact that humans are born to socialize on the basis of the choice of relatives and the principle of reciprocal altruism also sets the stage for political decline. The three major parts of the elements of political order also have the order of development. In the discussion of the ideal order of Fukuyama, the premise of effective national construction is first emphasized, and the basic role of national construction in the rule of law and democratic responsibility system is emphasized. However, there are some doubts about this order. Different countries have different models of development, and which order is better depends on their specific national conditions. To some extent, Fushan broke American centralism and affirmed some advantages of developing countries such as China, which was Fushan's breakthrough. On the road of pushing forward the political order, every country's political system advances in accordance with the principle of variation and choice to adapt to the requirements of social development. When the environment in which the system is produced changes, if the system fails to adapt, The country is in danger of being phased out and will opt for a new system instead of a backward one. The expression of political decline is that the original elements of political order can not adapt to the changed environment. The United States' veto politics is a typical example. The power system of the United States is full of veto points. The passage of a bill has to go through checks and balances and vetoes from all sides, and it is extremely inefficient. In Fukuyama's view, asylum based on the principles of kinship selection and reciprocal altruism darkens America's political prospects, known as American political decline. Fushan is a typical expert in China. The first modern state system has been developed in Chinese history. However, it is necessary to strengthen and improve the rule of law and democratic responsibility system, which has a great enlightening effect on China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D0
本文編號：2129518
[Abstract]:The theory of political order is a hot topic in the study of modern political science, and various experts and scholars have different views on the connotation of political order theory. This paper focuses on Fukuyama's views and viewpoints on the theory of political order. There are a lot of works on political order at home and abroad, but many scholars have carried out a single research from a certain aspect, lacking the systematicness and wholeness that the academic circles need. This paper attempts to outline a clear theoretical framework for Fushan's political order theory, and makes a systematic study on Fushan's political order as a whole. Hope to provide some reference and inspiration to experts and scholars studying political order at home and abroad. This paper grasps the core of Fukuyama's political order theory: balanced political order. The basic idea is that in order to establish a good balanced political order, a democratic, efficient, clean and fair country such as "to Denmark", whether developing or developed, must first establish a strong government and complete the construction of the country. What are the symbols of such nation-building? For example, have a sound bureaucracy, can provide good public services and infrastructure for their citizens, strong defense and government execution. This is a prerequisite for political development in the country. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a good legal system, form a complete supervision system of the rule of law, break down the barriers of thinking of "rule by man", and establish a good ecological system of rule of law with the goal of "governing the country according to law", equality before the law, everyone abiding by the law, and handling affairs according to law. The third is to establish democratic accountability, through free and fair multiparty elections, to enable citizens to choose and bind their rulers. Finally, there is a balance between a strong and stable state-a perfect and effective system of rule of law-a good democratic system of responsibility. The fact that humans are born to socialize on the basis of the choice of relatives and the principle of reciprocal altruism also sets the stage for political decline. The three major parts of the elements of political order also have the order of development. In the discussion of the ideal order of Fukuyama, the premise of effective national construction is first emphasized, and the basic role of national construction in the rule of law and democratic responsibility system is emphasized. However, there are some doubts about this order. Different countries have different models of development, and which order is better depends on their specific national conditions. To some extent, Fushan broke American centralism and affirmed some advantages of developing countries such as China, which was Fushan's breakthrough. On the road of pushing forward the political order, every country's political system advances in accordance with the principle of variation and choice to adapt to the requirements of social development. When the environment in which the system is produced changes, if the system fails to adapt, The country is in danger of being phased out and will opt for a new system instead of a backward one. The expression of political decline is that the original elements of political order can not adapt to the changed environment. The United States' veto politics is a typical example. The power system of the United States is full of veto points. The passage of a bill has to go through checks and balances and vetoes from all sides, and it is extremely inefficient. In Fukuyama's view, asylum based on the principles of kinship selection and reciprocal altruism darkens America's political prospects, known as American political decline. Fushan is a typical expert in China. The first modern state system has been developed in Chinese history. However, it is necessary to strengthen and improve the rule of law and democratic responsibility system, which has a great enlightening effect on China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D0
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