【摘要】：柏拉圖是希臘乃至全世界最著名的政治學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家之一,作為希臘三賢之一,他的政治哲學(xué)思想曾影響了歐洲近兩千年政治思想的發(fā)展。柏拉圖的政治思想從他青年時(shí)期算起到他逝世共經(jīng)歷了四個(gè)階段、三次轉(zhuǎn)變。他每個(gè)階段的政治思想分別體現(xiàn)在《第七封信》、《理想國(guó)》、《政治家篇》和《法律篇》等作品中。本文通過(guò)對(duì)上述作品的解讀,分別論述了柏拉圖在各個(gè)階段的政治思想以及政治思想的轉(zhuǎn)變。在《第七封信》中,柏拉圖以自述的形式說(shuō)明了自己早期支持民主又摒棄了民主的緣由;在《理想國(guó)》中,柏拉圖總結(jié)了現(xiàn)實(shí)政體的弊病,轉(zhuǎn)而設(shè)想了一個(gè)以“哲學(xué)王”為構(gòu)建核心,以正義為根本原則和目標(biāo)的理想城邦。至此,柏拉圖的政治思想實(shí)現(xiàn)了第一次轉(zhuǎn)變。第二次轉(zhuǎn)變體現(xiàn)在《政治家篇》中,柏拉圖從定義“政治家”入手,先構(gòu)建了一種無(wú)法的理念統(tǒng)治重申“有哲學(xué)的統(tǒng)治”是最好的,后在承認(rèn)法律雖有弊端但在現(xiàn)實(shí)中仍是最優(yōu)選擇的基礎(chǔ)上,又提出了一種有法的次優(yōu)統(tǒng)治。到了《法律篇》,柏拉圖的政治思想又有了第三次轉(zhuǎn)變,他一方面延續(xù)了法律在現(xiàn)實(shí)中是最佳選擇的看法,另一方面,他也看到法不是實(shí)現(xiàn)正義的絕對(duì)保證,于是又在法治的基礎(chǔ)上加入了分權(quán)制衡的混合政體的成分。引起柏拉圖政治思想轉(zhuǎn)變的原因主要有以下兩個(gè)方面:其一是現(xiàn)實(shí)政治經(jīng)歷讓他對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)政治失望的同時(shí)又渴望通過(guò)改造政體建立一個(gè)正義的城邦;其二是哲學(xué)方面的自我反思讓他跳出了蘇格拉底式的純理念世界,給政治哲學(xué)研究注入了現(xiàn)實(shí)性考量。柏拉圖政治思想的轉(zhuǎn)變主要是圍繞著權(quán)力與法律進(jìn)行的,但同時(shí),他思想的每一次轉(zhuǎn)變都沒(méi)有脫離正義的宗旨。作為一個(gè)著名的政治學(xué)家,他每次思想轉(zhuǎn)變都對(duì)政治學(xué)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。
[Abstract]:Plato is one of the most famous political scientists and philosophers in Greece and even the world. As one of the three sages of Greece, his political philosophy thought influenced the development of political thought in Europe in 2000 years. Plato's political thought went through four stages and three changes from his youth to his death. His political thoughts at each stage are reflected in the seventh letter, the Republic, the statesmen, and the Law. Through the interpretation of the above works, this paper discusses Plato's political thought and the transformation of political thought in each stage. In the seventh letter, Plato explains the reasons for his early support for and rejection of democracy in the form of a self-description; in the Republic, Plato sums up the ills of the real polity. Instead, it envisions an ideal city-state with "the king of philosophy" as its core and justice as its fundamental principle and goal. At this point, Plato's political thought realized the first transformation. The second shift is reflected in the statesman, when Plato begins by defining "statesman" and begins with the creation of an unthinkable kind of idealistic rule that reaffirms that "rule with philosophy" is the best. On the basis of admitting that the law is the best choice though it has some drawbacks, this paper puts forward a kind of suboptimal rule with law. By the time of the Law, Plato's political thought had changed again for the third time. On the one hand, he continued the view that law was the best choice in reality; on the other hand, he also saw that law was not an absolute guarantee of the realization of justice. Thus, on the basis of the rule of law, a mixture of checks and balances was added. There are two main reasons for the change of Plato's political thought: one is that he is disappointed by realistic political experience and eager to establish a just city-state through reforming the polity; Second, the philosophical self-reflection made him jump out of the world of Socrates' pure ideas and injected realistic considerations into the study of political philosophy. The transformation of Plato's political thought mainly revolves around power and law, but at the same time, every change of his thought is not divorced from the aim of justice. As a famous political scientist, he had an important influence on the development of political science every time he changed his ideas.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D091

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