本文選題：正義 + 羅爾斯　； 參考：《西北師范大學》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：“正義是社會制度的首要價值,正像真理是思想體系的首要價值一樣。”在功利主義統(tǒng)治政治哲學話語一百多年之后,美國哲學家羅爾斯的正義理論繼承與發(fā)展了自霍布斯以來的古典契約論傳統(tǒng),以“原初狀態(tài)”作為其正義理論的邏輯起點,將正義原則運用于社會基本結(jié)構(gòu),在保證自由優(yōu)先的情況下強調(diào)平等。羅爾斯關注社會最少受惠者的發(fā)展前景,并以此為正義原則選擇的參照點,調(diào)和了自由與平等的矛盾,突出地解決了平等問題。羅爾斯的正義理論批判了功利主義,超越了古典自由主義,讓政治哲學的主題發(fā)生了從自由向平等的轉(zhuǎn)換。 羅爾斯的正義理論獲得了如潮的贊譽,但也引起了各方的批評和挑戰(zhàn),這些批評分別來自自由主義內(nèi)部、社群主義等各學派。在與各方的理論論戰(zhàn)中,羅爾斯對自己的正義理論做了完善與補充,使自己的正義理論從完備性的自由主義轉(zhuǎn)向了政治自由主義。他承認理性多元的社會現(xiàn)實,強調(diào)正義只是政治觀念的共識。當然,《政治自由主義》并沒有偏離《正義論》所追求的“作為公平的正義”這一主題,它仍然是《正義論》的延伸。《政治自由主義》對《正義論》中秩序良好的社會做了新的解釋。羅爾斯認為在理性多元的社會現(xiàn)實下,秩序良好的社會是不現(xiàn)實的,因此“作為公平的正義”在《政治自由主義》中從一開始就被作為“政治的正義”,即完備性理論的“重疊共識”,秩序良好的社會便是一個在政治正義概念上統(tǒng)一的社會。 羅爾斯一生關注公平正義,關注社會底層人民的生活是他的理論旨歸,以社會結(jié)構(gòu)作為正義的主題,主張建立一套合理的社會制度來實現(xiàn)社會正義,這與馬克思對社會的批判有某些相似之處。但是馬克思從現(xiàn)實的個人的感性活動出發(fā),從實踐活動出發(fā),將自己的理論建立在歷史唯物主義的基礎之上,這與羅爾斯從假設的“原初狀態(tài)”出發(fā)的剝離了個人信息的抽象人是不同的。與羅爾斯對資本主義社會的改良不同,馬克思要求通過無產(chǎn)階級的革命推翻勞動異化的資本主義社會,推翻資本主義生產(chǎn)資料私有制,消滅階級,消滅剝削,消除兩極分化,從而使人得到全面自由的發(fā)展。這個社會便是超越了正義,實現(xiàn)了自由與平等的共產(chǎn)主義社會。 論文主要從正義與人性本質(zhì),正義與生產(chǎn)關系、正義與共產(chǎn)主義社會的角度,探究馬克思的正義觀。并以此為基礎,反思西方政治哲學的正義內(nèi)涵,特別是羅爾斯的正義觀,指出其構(gòu)建社會結(jié)構(gòu)存在的缺陷與不足之處。“他山之石,可以攻玉”,吸收借鑒西方政治哲學思想,尤其是注意羅爾斯對平等問題的關注,對構(gòu)建指導中國市場經(jīng)濟建設與民主法制、民主政治建設的馬克思主義政治哲學有重要意義。
[Abstract]:"Justice is the primary value of the social system, just as truth is the primary value of the ideological system." After more than a hundred years of utilitarian domination over the discourse of political philosophy, the justice theory of the American philosopher Rawls inherited and developed the tradition of classical contract theory since Hobbes, taking the "original state" as the logical starting point of his theory of justice. Apply the principle of justice to the basic structure of society and emphasize equality while guaranteeing freedom first. Rawls pays close attention to the development prospect of the least beneficiary of society and takes it as the reference point of justice principle to reconcile the contradiction between freedom and equality and to solve the problem of equality. Rawls' theory of justice criticizes utilitarianism, transcends classical liberalism and transforms the theme of political philosophy from freedom to equality. Rawls' theory of justice has gained much praise, but it has also aroused criticism and challenge from various schools, such as liberalism, communitarianism and so on. In the theoretical debate with all parties, Rawls perfected and supplemented his theory of justice, and changed his theory of justice from complete liberalism to political liberalism. He acknowledged the rational and pluralistic social reality and emphasized that justice is only a consensus of political ideas. Of course, "political liberalism" does not deviate from the theme of "justice as fairness" pursued by Justice. It is still an extension of the theory of justice. Political liberalism gives a new explanation of the well-ordered society in the theory of justice. Rawls thought that under the rational and pluralistic social reality, a well-ordered society was unrealistic, so "justice as fairness" was regarded as "political justice" from the beginning in political liberalism. That is, the overlapping consensus of completeness theory, a well-ordered society is a unified society in the concept of political justice. Rawls paid attention to fairness and justice in his whole life and paid close attention to the life of the people at the bottom of the society. He took the social structure as the theme of justice and advocated the establishment of a reasonable social system to realize social justice. This has some similarities with Marx's criticism of society. But Marx, proceeding from the realistic personal perceptual activities and from the practical activities, established his theory on the basis of historical materialism. This is different from the abstract person who disconnected personal information from the hypothetical "primordial state" of Rawls. Different from Rawls' reform of the capitalist society, Marx demanded that the capitalist society be overthrown by the revolution of the proletariat, the private ownership of capitalist means of production, the elimination of class, the elimination of exploitation and the elimination of polarization. So that people can get full and free development. This society is a communist society that transcends justice and realizes freedom and equality. From the angle of justice and human nature, justice and relations of production, justice and communist society, this paper probes into Marx's view of justice. On this basis, this paper reflects on the connotation of justice in western political philosophy, especially Rawls' view of justice, and points out the defects and deficiencies in the construction of social structure. "the stone of other mountains, can attack jade", draw lessons from western political philosophy thought, especially pay attention to Rawls's attention to equality problem, to construct and guide China's market economy construction and democracy and legal system, The Marxist political philosophy of democratic political construction is of great significance.
【學位授予單位】：西北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D09

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