桑德?tīng)栒握軐W(xué)及其倫理探析
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-29 11:25
本文選題：桑德?tīng)?/strong> + 政治哲學(xué) ； 參考：《河南師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文
【摘要】：美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)政治學(xué)教授邁克爾·桑德?tīng)柺巧缛褐髁x的代表人物。桑德?tīng)栐谄浯碜鳌蹲杂芍髁x與正義的局限》中闡發(fā)了他的社群主義倫理思想。桑德?tīng)柕纳缛褐髁x政治哲學(xué)理論體系是在批判以羅爾斯為代表的自由主義理論過(guò)程中形成的。他繼承亞里士多德的美德倫理觀和黑格爾史觀對(duì)羅爾斯所秉承的康德道德哲學(xué)思想和普遍主義傳統(tǒng)發(fā)出責(zé)難，從“善”的倫理角度來(lái)審視公平、正義和權(quán)利、義務(wù)問(wèn)題。桑德?tīng)枌?duì)自由主義理論的先驗(yàn)自我觀、公平優(yōu)先于善的元倫理思想、“無(wú)知之幕”下訂立契約的理性和正義分配原則等觀念進(jìn)行學(xué)理剖析，指出自由主義理論的根本矛盾。在政治哲學(xué)和道德哲學(xué)層面顛覆了自由主義思想占主流意識(shí)形態(tài)的統(tǒng)治地位。開(kāi)辟了以社群為基礎(chǔ)，追尋公共的善的社群主義哲學(xué)思潮之路。 本文由導(dǎo)論、三個(gè)章節(jié)和結(jié)束語(yǔ)幾部分構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)論大致介紹了桑德?tīng)柕纳揭约皣?guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于桑德?tīng)栒握軐W(xué)的研究現(xiàn)狀并指出需更進(jìn)一步研究的方向和必要性。列舉本文的研究方法和基本思路。 第一章，探討了桑德?tīng)栒握軐W(xué)產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)背景和理論條件，梳理其理論發(fā)展的歷史過(guò)程。美國(guó)在上世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)大的波動(dòng)、貧富分化現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，同時(shí)也涌現(xiàn)出了許多知名學(xué)者，他們把握當(dāng)代哲學(xué)的時(shí)代精髓，引導(dǎo)西方政治哲學(xué)的發(fā)展方向，桑德?tīng)柹缛褐髁x政治哲學(xué)思想便是在這樣的學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生的�；厮萆鲜兰o(jì)七十年代，羅爾斯回答了以邊沁和密爾為代表的古典自由主義者的困惑—在堅(jiān)持維護(hù)個(gè)人權(quán)利的條件下如何犧牲少數(shù)的利益而實(shí)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)人的利益的矛盾，即公平正義問(wèn)題，在此之后自由主義理論占據(jù)西方政治哲學(xué)的主流位置。八十年代初，桑德?tīng)柼岢隽松缛褐髁x思想，挑戰(zhàn)自由主義理論。由此拉開(kāi)了自由主義和社群主義兩個(gè)學(xué)派的論戰(zhàn)的序幕。 第二章，研究了桑德?tīng)枌?duì)自由主義哲學(xué)的批判內(nèi)容，并試圖歸納其社群主義政治哲學(xué)的主體框架。桑德?tīng)柺紫葟淖杂芍髁x理論的先驗(yàn)自我觀念入手，全面批判自由主義。羅爾斯理論中的自我是指獨(dú)立個(gè)體先天地?fù)碛幸粋�(gè)超驗(yàn)的自我，自我在“原初狀態(tài)”和“無(wú)知之幕”下進(jìn)行選擇、訂立契約，決定社會(huì)關(guān)系。因?yàn)樵谶x擇的過(guò)程中個(gè)人都是混沌無(wú)知和平等的，所以選擇的結(jié)果同樣也是正義的。由于這種原因個(gè)人選擇的權(quán)利理應(yīng)得到充分的保護(hù)，才能保證社會(huì)公平。桑德?tīng)枌?duì)這種觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁，恰恰相反社會(huì)應(yīng)該是由構(gòu)成性社群組成的，個(gè)人為了共同目的構(gòu)成社群，社群決定個(gè)人屬性，個(gè)人屬性是由社群的目的和價(jià)值決定，個(gè)人應(yīng)該置身于社群和歷史之中。應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)公民追尋一種社群式的善和共同的目的。 第三章，，從倫理學(xué)的角度解讀桑德?tīng)栒螌W(xué)理論，分析其倫理主體、善優(yōu)先于權(quán)利的倫理觀和公共的善的倫理意義，并討論了研究桑德?tīng)栒握軐W(xué)的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。雖然我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，物質(zhì)水平提高，社會(huì)更加公平。然而，人們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)生活缺少目標(biāo)和動(dòng)力，集體觀淡化等現(xiàn)象愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重。桑德?tīng)柹缛褐髁x政治哲學(xué)是對(duì)正義理論的補(bǔ)充和完善，洞察了自由和權(quán)利之外的個(gè)人與社群的共同價(jià)值和目的，提倡實(shí)踐理性，培養(yǎng)公民美德等思想都對(duì)我們審視自身經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化建設(shè)過(guò)程中的問(wèn)題和構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)具有一定的理論研究?jī)r(jià)值和實(shí)踐借鑒意義。 結(jié)束語(yǔ)部分回顧了桑德?tīng)栒握軐W(xué)的主要理論觀點(diǎn)，從馬克思主義哲學(xué)的角度審視桑德?tīng)栒握軐W(xué)。
[Abstract]:Michael Sander, a professor of political science at the Harvard University in the United States, is the representative of communitarianism. Sandel elucidated his communitarianism in his representative works "the limitations of liberalism and justice". Sandel's political philosophical theory of communitarianism is in the process of criticizing the liberalism theory represented by Rawls. He inherits Aristotle's virtues and ethics and Hagel's historical view to reprove Rawls's moral philosophy and universalism. From the ethical perspective of "good", he examines justice, justice and rights, obligations, and Sandel's transcendental self view of liberalism, and fairness precedes the good meta Lun. The idea of rationalism and the principle of distribution of justice under the curtain of ignorance, the fundamental contradiction of the theory of liberalism, has been pointed out in the political philosophy and moral philosophy, and the dominant ideology of the mainstream ideology is subverted by the political philosophy and the moral philosophy. The path of the ideological trend of thought.
This article is composed of introduction, three chapters and concluding remarks. The introduction gives a general introduction to the life of Sandel and the status of the research on Sandel's political philosophy at home and abroad, and points out the direction and necessity of further research, and lists the research methods and basic ideas of this article.
In the first chapter, the social background and the theoretical conditions of Sandel's political philosophy are discussed, and the historical process of the development of the theory is combed. In the last century, the United States had a great fluctuation in the economy, the polarization of the rich and the poor was serious, and many well-known scholars emerged. They grasped the essence of the contemporary philosophy and guided the development of Western political philosophy. Sandel's political philosophy of communitarianism came into being in such an academic environment. Back in the 70s last century, Rawls answered the puzzlement of the classical liberals represented by Bentham and mill - the spear of how to sacrifice the interests of a small number of people in the condition of upholding individual rights. At the beginning of the 80s, Sandel put forward the idea of communism and challenged the theory of liberalism, which opened the prelude to the debate between the two schools of liberalism and communitarianism.
The second chapter, the critical content of Sandel's philosophy of liberalism is studied and the main frame of the political philosophy of communitarianism is summed up. Sandel first starts from the transcendental self concept of liberalism and criticizes liberalism in an all-round way. The self in Rawls's theory refers to the independent individual with a transcendental self first. I choose in the "original state" and "the curtain of ignorance", make a contract and determine social relations. Because in the process of choice, the individual is ignorant and equal, so the result of choice is also just. For this reason, the right of individual choice should be fully protected, so that social fairness can be guaranteed. Sander It refutes this view, on the contrary, the society should be composed of the constituent community, the individual constitutes the community for the purpose of common purpose, the community determines the individual attribute, the individual attribute is determined by the purpose and value of the community, and the individual should be placed in the community and history. Objective.
The third chapter, from the perspective of ethics, analyzes Sandel's political theory, analyzes its ethical subject, the ethics of virtue and the ethical meaning of public good, and discusses the theoretical and practical significance of studying Sandel's political philosophy. Although China's economy is developing, the material water is improved, and the society is more fair, however, people find the right The political philosophy of Sandel communitarianism is a supplement and perfection to the theory of justice. It is an insight into the common values and aims of the individual and the community beyond the freedom and right, the promotion of practical reason and the cultivation of civic virtues, which all examine our own economy, politics and culture. The problems in the construction process and the construction of a harmonious society have certain theoretical research value and practical reference significance.
The concluding remarks have reviewed the main theoretical points of Sandel's political philosophy, and examined Sandel's political philosophy from the perspective of Marx's philosophy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D09
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