本文選題：奧克肖特 + 政治理性主義�。� 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：理性主義是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的一副面孔。作為一種時(shí)代精神的理性主義表現(xiàn)在政治世界,即為政治理性主義。政治理性主義可以被分析為三個(gè)命題：1)理性與“事物的本質(zhì)”是一致的,因?yàn)槲ㄓ欣硇阅軌虍a(chǎn)生確定的知識(shí)。因此2)理性是唯一合理的知識(shí)樣式,那么真正的政治知識(shí)也只能是理性知識(shí),即理性建構(gòu)的意識(shí)形態(tài)。3)既然理性或意識(shí)形態(tài)能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的真理與至善,那么政府行為的目標(biāo)應(yīng)當(dāng)以理性的發(fā)現(xiàn)為依歸,因?yàn)檎畽?quán)力是強(qiáng)大的——如果不是無(wú)所不能的——且沒(méi)有人不渴望真理與至善。作為懷疑論者的奧克肖特對(duì)政治理性主義的三個(gè)命題提出了質(zhì)疑。首先,所謂事物的本質(zhì),即實(shí)在,并不存在于經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界的背后,而是存在于經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界之中。當(dāng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界呈現(xiàn)出一種整體性與連貫性時(shí),那么它就是實(shí)在的。既然世界并沒(méi)有一個(gè)永恒的本質(zhì),那么理性自稱的對(duì)永恒的認(rèn)知就是一個(gè)空洞的許諾。其次,所謂的理性知識(shí)的確定性,是一種對(duì)知識(shí)樣式的偏頗的認(rèn)識(shí),即它忽略了其他的知識(shí)樣式。此外,理性知識(shí)之所以會(huì)給人一種確定的印象,是因?yàn)樗且粋�(gè)抽象的概念體系。在這個(gè)意義上,理性知識(shí)既有以偏概全的邏輯上的問(wèn)題,同時(shí)又作為一個(gè)抽象物而毫無(wú)意義。因此,理性需要作為他者的傳統(tǒng)的救治,才能夠起作用,才不會(huì)淪為抽象物。第三,既然理性存在著自身的缺陷,那么不但政府行為不應(yīng)當(dāng)接受理性的規(guī)導(dǎo),甚至政府本身根本就沒(méi)有外在的目標(biāo)——政府不應(yīng)當(dāng)追求至善,政府的適當(dāng)職能只是維持共同體的秩序。而政府如何護(hù)衛(wèi)共同體的秩序,則完全是一個(gè)歷史偶然性的問(wèn)題,并不需要一個(gè)完備理論的說(shuō)明。這一觀點(diǎn)在合理多元事實(shí)的情境下,就顯得更為有道理。 奧克肖特批判政治理性主義過(guò)程中所闡發(fā)的思想,可稱為懷疑論保守主義。一方面,這一學(xué)說(shuō)有力的指出了政治理性主義的弊病；另一方面,該學(xué)說(shuō)因其懷疑論的底色而與韋伯意義上的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)有著極強(qiáng)的親和性。本文之目的即在于解說(shuō)奧氏對(duì)政治理性主義批判的同時(shí),闡釋其懷疑論保守主義與現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的這種親和性。
[Abstract]:Rationalism is a face of modern society. As a spirit of the times, rationalism is manifested in the political world, that is, political rationalism. Political rationalism can be analyzed as three propositions: 1) rationality is consistent with "the essence of things", because only reason can produce certain knowledge. Therefore, rationality is the only reasonable knowledge style, so the real political knowledge can only be rational knowledge, that is, the ideology constructed by reason. (3) since reason or ideology can discover the truth and the best of human society, Then the goal of government action should be based on rational discovery, for government power is powerful-if not omnipotent-and no one does not yearn for truth and goodness. As a skeptic, Oakchott questioned the three propositions of political rationalism. First of all, the essence of things, that is, reality, does not exist behind the world of experience, but in the world of experience. When the world of experience presents a unity and coherence, then it is real. Since the world does not have an eternal essence, rational recognition of eternity is an empty promise. Secondly, the certainty of rational knowledge is a biased understanding of knowledge style, that is, it ignores other knowledge styles. Moreover, rational knowledge gives a certain impression because it is an abstract conceptual system. In this sense, the rational knowledge has the logical problem of partial generality, but also as an abstract and meaningless. Therefore, reason needs to be the traditional cure of the other so that it can work and not degenerate into abstraction. Third, since reason has its own defects, not only should the government act under the guidance of reason, but even the government itself has no external goal-the government should not pursue the best. The proper function of government is merely to maintain order in the community. However, how the government protects the order of the community is a problem of historical contingency, and it does not need a complete theoretical explanation. This point of view is more reasonable in the context of reasonable and pluralistic facts. Oakchott's ideas in the process of criticizing political rationalism can be called sceptical conservatism. On the one hand, the theory points out the disadvantages of political rationalism; on the other hand, it has a strong affinity with Weber's modern society because of its skepticism. The purpose of this paper is to explain the affinity between his sceptical conservatism and modern society while explaining his criticism of political rationalism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D089

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 張汝倫;;歐克肖特思想的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[J];云南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2009年03期

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本文編號(hào)：1811594