本文選題：政黨初始形態(tài) + 政黨的滲透程度��； 參考：《復旦大學》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：本研究的核心問題是：什么樣的黨員規(guī)模和組織結構使政黨在奪取或維持國家政權時能夠獲益更多?已有的關于政黨組織形態(tài)的研究有四種路徑：功能主義、組織學、歷史主義和整合主義,這些研究通過不同的分類標準將政黨的組織形態(tài)進行了分類。然而,不足之處在于,這些研究是基于已經(jīng)存在的政黨,或政黨已經(jīng)是既定狀態(tài)之后,學者們再依據(jù)不同的標準進行分類,卻沒有考慮到政黨從其產(chǎn)生到后來的發(fā)展過程中,基于外在環(huán)境的變化和自身所要達到的目標的不同,對自身的組織形態(tài)有著不斷的調(diào)整。本文的研究更多的是遵循一種迪韋爾熱的組織學的路徑,研究起始點是政黨作為“理性入”的角色。在“理性人”的假設下,政黨作為政治生活中最重要的組織,其追求的最大利益是奪取或鞏固政權。從其產(chǎn)生開始,有兩個因素決定了政黨在奪取和鞏固國家政權時采取怎樣的組織—成員形態(tài)：一是政黨產(chǎn)生之初的形態(tài),即政黨是內(nèi)生還是外生于體制內(nèi)；二是政黨對國家和社會的滲透程度。首先,政黨成立之初的不同政治社會環(huán)境決定著政黨的不同生成方式。內(nèi)生型的政黨是產(chǎn)生于議會之中的政黨,屬于體制內(nèi)緩慢生長起來的政黨組織,這種在體制內(nèi)產(chǎn)生、具有內(nèi)在合法性的政黨,能夠獲得大量的國家資源來保證自身的生存和動員民眾來奪取國家政權。這樣,從政黨生存延續(xù)和政黨發(fā)展所需要的人力和資本角度來看,這些政黨就不需要從社會中吸納大量的成員來獲取經(jīng)濟和人力資源,也就是說政黨不需要大量具有成員資格的黨員。從另—個方面來說,對于政黨內(nèi)的領袖而言,在能夠獲得大量國家資助的情況下,政黨內(nèi)部的人越少,獲得政權之后所要兌現(xiàn)的政治恩賜的數(shù)量就越少,勝利成果被瓜分的可能性就越小,政黨領袖所受的限制和約束也越少。這就是內(nèi)生型政黨多為精英型政黨的原因所在。而外生型政黨是在議會政治之外產(chǎn)生的,是在體制外生成的政黨,其存在的目的首先是推翻現(xiàn)有政權而取而代之,因而是不合法的,是會被現(xiàn)存權力的掌握者所極力威脅和鎮(zhèn)壓的。在這種情況下,外生于體制的政黨能夠獲得的來自國家的支持和資源幾乎是不存在的,加上現(xiàn)政權的威脅,外生型的政黨不得不依靠在社會中吸收大量的成員來獲取自身生存和延續(xù)所需要的財力和人力資源。這樣,外生型的政黨通常會是具有大量黨員的大眾型政黨。這是從政黨是內(nèi)生于體制還是外生于體制的角度上,對政黨組織—成員結構進行的區(qū)分：內(nèi)生型政黨更傾向于成為黨員數(shù)量較少的精英型政黨,而外生型政黨則更有可能成為黨員數(shù)量眾多的群眾型政黨。然而,僅從“內(nèi)生”或“外生”的角度對政黨的組織形態(tài)和成員結構進行劃分是存在問題的：即這種區(qū)分只能在一定程度上滿足需要——它未能考慮那些擁有同類起源的政黨的組織差異。這就要引入另一個關鍵因素：政黨對國家或社會的滲透程度。也就是說,我們在政黨起源因素之外,還要考慮從奪取政權到鞏固政權,隨著政黨與所處社會關系的變化,政黨的組織形態(tài)也是會發(fā)生變化的,表現(xiàn)在政黨成員上,成員的數(shù)量和結構也是會發(fā)生變化的。我們將這類變化的關鍵看作“政黨對社會的滲透程度”,認為在基于政黨起源形態(tài)(內(nèi)生或外生)的基礎上,政黨越是想對國家和社會有所影響,就越是傾向于有著大量的黨員和嚴格的組織結構。在“政黨初始形態(tài)”和“政黨對國家和社會的滲透程度”兩個因素的影響下,研究中將不同類型的政黨進行了劃分,并以美國民主黨共和黨、英國工黨、新加坡人民行動黨和中國共產(chǎn)黨為案例進行了詳細論述。對于美國主要政黨來說,從一開始在國會內(nèi)部的小派別到后來全國性的松散聯(lián)盟,美國主要政黨的內(nèi)生性、直接預選對政黨提名權的剝奪和利益集團對政黨的“反控制”,都使得其只需要少量核心黨員和松散的組織結構形態(tài),是內(nèi)生—精英型政黨的典型。英國工黨則屬于外生—大眾型,與保守黨和自由黨不同,工黨是在議會外產(chǎn)生的,其外生的起源方式要求工黨尋求大量的成員數(shù)量來保證自己的生存——工會的成員以集體黨員的方式加入工黨。工會提供的財力和人力成為工黨奪取國家政權的重要保障,但也使得工黨大量的黨員群體和組織結構徒有形式而沒有實質。新加坡人民行動黨屬于外生型政黨,但是它用嚴格的黨員制度和邀請制彌補了黨員數(shù)量較少的缺陷,對于最為關鍵的黨員忠誠和組織結構依然沒有放開,行動黨通過在政府的干部黨員和在基層選區(qū)的黨支部和大量的外圍組織實現(xiàn)了在多黨競爭條件下的長期一黨執(zhí)政。對于中國共產(chǎn)黨來說,作為外生型政黨,在產(chǎn)生之初就需要大量的組織成員和嚴格的組織紀律來保障黨在嚴酷環(huán)境下的自我生存與壯大；對于革命后的國家和社會而言,“黨治國家”的邏輯是通過國家和社會中的大量黨員群體和多層次的黨的組織網(wǎng)絡來實現(xiàn)的。
[Abstract]:The core problem of this study is: party size and organizational structure of what kind of party can benefit more in the capture or maintain state power? Study on party organization has four paths: functionalism, histology, historicism and conformity, these studies by different classification standard of Party organization morphological classification. However, the disadvantage is that the research is based on the existing political party, or the party has been established after the state, scholars are classified according to different standards, but did not take into account the party from the later in the development process, the changes in the external environment and to achieve the goal based on the different of their organization form has a continuous adjustment. The research in this paper is more of a Di Weir Ge follows the path of histology, the starting point is on political parties As a "rational" role. In the hypothesis of "rational people", as the most important political parties in the political life of the organization, the best interests of the pursuit of the capture or consolidate power. From the beginning, there are two factors that determine the party members take what kind of organization, to seize and consolidate the state power a: is the formation of the party at the beginning of the form, which is endogenous or exogenous from political parties within the system; two is the penetration of the party to the country and society. Firstly, different political parties founded at the beginning of the social environment determines the different generation party. Endogenous party is produced in the parliament party. The system belongs to the slow growth of the party organization, which produced within the system, has the inherent legitimacy of political parties, to acquire a large number of national resources to ensure their own survival and mobilize the people to seize state power. This kind of, From the political party's survival and the development of political parties need to continue the human capital perspective, these parties do not need to obtain economic and human resources from the society to absorb a large number of members, that is to say the party does not need a lot with membership of the party. From another aspect, the party leader, in can to obtain a large number of state funded under the condition of internal party less power to deliver the number after the political gift is less. The possibility of victory was divided by the smaller, limited and confined by the party leader is less. This is the endogenous reason for political elite party. Exogenous party is produced in Parliament outside politics, is generated in the system of the party, the first purpose is to overthrow the existing regime instead, so it is not legitimate, will be present The power of the master to threats and repression. In this case, the system of foreign born party can obtain the support from the country and resources are almost non-existent, and the regime's threats, external parties have to rely on absorb a large number of family members in society to obtain their own survival and development needs the financial and human resources. In this way, exogenous party is usually a mass party with a large number of members. This is from the party is born within or outside the system was born in view of the system, to distinguish between Party organization member structure: endogenous political parties tend to become less elite members of political parties the outer party, students are more likely to become mass party members in large numbers. However, only from the "endogenous" or "external" point of organization and structure of the party members is divided The problems that this distinction can only meet the needs of those who have the same origin it fails to consider party organization difference to a certain extent. It is necessary to introduce another key factor: the penetration of political parties on the country or society. That is to say, we are outside party origin factors, but also consider to seize power with the change of political party and consolidate the political power, the social relations, party organization form will also change, reflected in the party members, the number and structure of members will also change. We will be key to this kind of change as "penetration" party to the society, think in the form (based on the origin of political parties endogenous or exogenous) on the basis of the party is to have any effect on the country and the society, the more tend to have a large number of Party members and strict organizational structure. In the initial form of the party "and Effect of "penetration" party to the state and society two factors, study the different types of political parties were divided, and the Democratic Republicans, the British Labour Party, the people's Action Party of Singapore and the Communist Party China discussed as a case. The main political parties in the United States, from the beginning in the parliament factions later nationwide loose alliance, endogenous major political party in the United States, the direct primary on the party nomination rights deprived and interest groups on the party's "anti control", the structure of its core members and requires only a small amount of loose, is endogenous and elite party. The British Labour Party is typical belongs to the masses with different exogenous type, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, the Labour Party is outside the parliament, the exogenous origin of a large number of members of the Labour Party requires seeking to ensure their survival The trade union members to group members added to the labour party. The union provides financial and human resources has become an important guarantee for the labour party seized power in the country, but also makes a lot of Labour Party groups and organization structure only a form without substantial. The people's Action Party of Singapore belongs to external parties, but it has strict party system and the invitation for the defect of less number of Party members, for the most crucial party loyalty and organizational structure is still not open, action party in the long-term ruling by one party government and Party cadres at the grass-roots constituency of the Party branch and the peripheral group of a large number of fabric is realized in condition of multi-party competition. China for the Communist Party, as the external party. At the beginning, will require a large number of members of the organization and strict organizational discipline to ensure the growth of the party and in the harsh environment of self survival for the revolution; The state and society, "party state" logic is realized by a group of Party members in the country and society and multi level party organization network.

【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D05

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