本文選題：羅伯特·達(dá)爾　切入點(diǎn)：多元主義民主　出處：《云南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：“民主”是一個(gè)不朽的主題,是政治永恒的價(jià)值追求。在漫長而浩瀚的政治發(fā)展長河中,人們從未停止過追尋民主的腳步。自古希臘城邦的直接民主制開始,民主就以其不同的姿態(tài)和形式長存于世界政治發(fā)展之中。 羅伯特·達(dá)爾是美國當(dāng)代著名的政治學(xué)家,主要致力于西方政治民主理論和行為主義政治學(xué)的研究,其多元主義民主理論被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)代西方最具影響力的理論之一。作為政治學(xué)研究的基本范疇,民主在達(dá)爾的視角下有理想民主與現(xiàn)實(shí)民主的區(qū)分。作為一種政治理想和價(jià)值,達(dá)爾指出民主應(yīng)當(dāng)滿足“五個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,而作為一種現(xiàn)實(shí)的政治制度,達(dá)爾認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代代議民主制是典型的政治民主形式,其思想實(shí)質(zhì)最為接近理想民主的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。多元主義民主實(shí)際上就是民主理想和民主現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的一種相互關(guān)聯(lián),現(xiàn)實(shí)的多元主義民主制度是符合民主理想標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一種制度選擇模式,而民主理想則能對民主制度進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的考察和辨析。在對民主的具體研究中,達(dá)爾將多元主義民主看做是一種對民主理想的轉(zhuǎn)化和實(shí)現(xiàn),將民主價(jià)值和事實(shí)聯(lián)系起來,形成了對美國現(xiàn)實(shí)制度和規(guī)則獨(dú)具解釋力的“多元主義民主理論”。 達(dá)爾認(rèn)為,民主應(yīng)當(dāng)是一種“多重少數(shù)人的統(tǒng)治”,這是對傳統(tǒng)民主形式的突破,并以此來區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)的民主觀點(diǎn)。這種“多元的民主”深深根植于達(dá)爾生活的權(quán)力多元、利益分化的“多元的美國”,達(dá)爾深知這樣的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)必然會(huì)影響政治上層建筑,由此他以多元利益集團(tuán)為基礎(chǔ)建構(gòu)了對美國現(xiàn)代政治社會(huì)極具解釋力的多元主義民主理論,生動(dòng)地詮釋了當(dāng)代西方自由主義民主的發(fā)展趨勢,也揭示了西方政治民主的運(yùn)行機(jī)制。 達(dá)爾的多元主義民主是在對傳統(tǒng)民主理論批判性繼承的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的,有具體的民主標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和制度載體。從理論建構(gòu)的角度上說,達(dá)爾的多元主義民主是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展的體系,他不僅提出了具體的理論假設(shè),還在理論發(fā)展演變的過程中對其思想進(jìn)行了自覺的反思和修正,強(qiáng)調(diào)了“政治平等思想”和“社會(huì)制約權(quán)力思想”的重要意義,在指出多元民主的具體困境的同時(shí)分析了可能的解決辦法,是一套能夠客觀解釋美國民主現(xiàn)實(shí)的規(guī)則體系。 理論來源于實(shí)踐,而又能反映和指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和完善。多元主義民主于美國的政治生態(tài)中衍生,達(dá)爾將這些程序性的政治規(guī)則系統(tǒng)化、理論化,最終形成的多元民主理論必然會(huì)對美國式的西方政治民主實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生積極影響。同時(shí),從世界政治民主化的具體進(jìn)程來看,多元主義民主為那些渴望民主、追求民主的國家提供了一種新的范式選擇,啟迪并且豐富了世界民主形式。
[Abstract]:"Democracy" is an immortal theme, is the eternal pursuit of political value. In the long and vast political development, people have never stopped to pursue the pace of democracy. Democracy has long existed in the political development of the world with its different postures and forms. Robert Dahl is a famous contemporary political scientist in the United States. He is mainly devoted to the study of western political democratic theory and behaviorist politics. His pluralistic democratic theory is regarded as one of the most influential theories in the contemporary West. As a basic category of political science research, democracy has a distinction between ideal democracy and realistic democracy in the perspective of Darr. As a kind of political ideal and value, democracy is regarded as a kind of political ideal and value. Dahl pointed out that democracy should meet the "five criteria". As a realistic political system, Dahl believes that modern representative democracy is a typical form of political democracy. The essence of its ideology is closest to the basic standard of ideal democracy. Pluralistic democracy is, in fact, a kind of interrelationship between democratic ideals and democratic realities. The realistic pluralistic democratic system is a kind of system choice mode which accords with the democratic ideal standard, and the democratic ideal can carry on the strict inspection and the discrimination to the democratic system. Dahl regarded pluralistic democracy as a transformation and realization of democratic ideal, connected democratic values with facts, and formed a "pluralistic democratic theory" with unique explanatory power to American realistic system and rules. Darr believes that democracy should be a "multitudinous minority rule", which is a breakthrough in the form of traditional democracy, and thus distinguishes it from the traditional view of democracy. This "pluralistic democracy" is deeply rooted in the pluralistic power of Dahl's life. Darr knew that such a social structure would inevitably affect the political superstructure, so he constructed a pluralistic democratic theory that could explain the modern political society of the United States on the basis of pluralistic interest groups. It vividly interprets the development trend of contemporary western liberal democracy and reveals the operating mechanism of western political democracy. Dahl's pluralistic democracy is developed on the basis of critically inheriting the traditional democratic theory. It has specific democratic standards and institutional carriers. From the perspective of theoretical construction, Dahl's pluralistic democracy is a system of dynamic development. He not only put forward specific theoretical assumptions, but also made a conscious reflection and revision of his thoughts in the course of theoretical development and evolution. This paper emphasizes the significance of the thought of "political equality" and "the thought of social restriction of power", points out the concrete predicament of pluralistic democracy and analyzes the possible solutions, which is a set of rules system which can objectively explain the reality of American democracy. The theory originates from practice, and it can reflect and guide the practice to develop and consummate. Pluralistic democracy is derived from American political ecology, and Dahl systematizes and theorizes these procedural political rules. The resulting theory of pluralistic democracy is bound to have a positive impact on the American-style practice of Western political democracy. At the same time, judging from the specific process of political democratization in the world, pluralistic democracy is for those who yearn for democracy. Democracy-seeking countries provide a new paradigm choice that enlightens and enriches the world's democratic forms.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D082

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