本文選題：羅伯特·達(dá)爾　切入點：多元民主　出處：《天津師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 羅伯特·達(dá)爾(Robert A. Dahl,1915-)是當(dāng)代美國著名政治學(xué)家,多元民主理論的創(chuàng)始人和最突出代表。研究達(dá)爾民主理論的復(fù)雜體系和深刻意蘊,應(yīng)該以其民主理論賴以產(chǎn)生的特定歷史環(huán)境作為邏輯的起點。二戰(zhàn)后,西方利益集團(tuán)的興起,在學(xué)界也掀起了一場行為主義的革命,深受美國多元政治文化以及個人成長經(jīng)歷的影響,達(dá)爾提出了其著名的多元民主理論。 羅伯特·達(dá)爾的多元民主思想是在批判地繼承精英主義理論、平民主義理論以及美國民主理論的先驅(qū)麥迪遜的民主思想的基礎(chǔ)上形成和發(fā)展起來的；現(xiàn)實上發(fā)軔于應(yīng)對二十世紀(jì)中期美國社會政治多元化對民主提出的新要求。社會分權(quán)制衡和利益集團(tuán)的理論(多重少數(shù)的統(tǒng)治)是達(dá)爾多元民主思想的兩個重要原則。這一理論認(rèn)為民主意味著由眾多不同的利益集團(tuán)在相互競爭的過程中影響政府的政治決策,從而使得社會中不同的利益需求都會得到滿足,并在一定程度上緩解美國社會各階級間的矛盾,形成了一種相對穩(wěn)定的均衡態(tài)勢。達(dá)爾從民主的政體含義出發(fā),把民主定義為“多元政體”,使得多元化的社會力量通過選舉、有效參與、監(jiān)督限制等機(jī)制,最大限度地分散政府權(quán)力,從而保障各階層、社會組織、利益團(tuán)體民主權(quán)利的廣泛實現(xiàn)。達(dá)爾在提出“多元民主”這一理論范式后,還清醒地認(rèn)識到了它的缺陷和困境。在多元民主陷入困境后,達(dá)爾提出把政治民主過程運用于經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,即他的經(jīng)濟(jì)民主思想,并闡述了經(jīng)濟(jì)民主的優(yōu)勢所在。本文基于對以上內(nèi)容的介紹,從正反兩個方面客觀評價了達(dá)爾的這一思想。 達(dá)爾的多元民主理論既反映了當(dāng)代西方民主理論的最新發(fā)展,又在一定程度上揭示了西方國家特別是美國民主的運行機(jī)制。然而,多元民主理論本身的局限性亦是顯而易見的,事實上政府的決策不可避免的被勢力強(qiáng)大的利益集團(tuán)操縱,弱勢群體的利益往往并不能得到滿足甚至被忽略。同時,達(dá)爾本人也存在著矛盾的兩面性。他的理想是為美國的民主尋找一種較為完美的模式,但他始終無法擺脫資產(chǎn)階級的階級局限,這也就決定了他不可能從馬克思主義的階級觀點出發(fā),進(jìn)而從根本上解決民主的本質(zhì)問題。筆者認(rèn)為,無論是多元民主理論本身,還是對多元民主缺陷做出的批評,乃至于為尋找多元民主所進(jìn)行的理論嘗試,對我國的社會主義民主政治建設(shè),都有一定的借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:Robert A. Dahln (1915-1915) is a famous contemporary American political scientist, the founder and the most prominent representative of the theory of pluralistic democracy. The specific historical environment on which its democratic theory is based should be taken as the logical starting point. After World War II, the rise of Western interest groups also set off a behaviorist revolution in academic circles. Deeply influenced by American political culture and personal growth experience, Dahl put forward his famous theory of pluralistic democracy. Robert Dahl's pluralistic democratic thought was formed and developed on the basis of critically inheriting the theory of elitist, populism and the democracy thought of Madison, the pioneer of American democratic theory. In reality, it originated in response to the new demands of American social and political pluralism on democracy in the middle of the 20th century. The theory of social decentralization, checks and balances and interest groups (multiple minority rule) are two important aspects of Dalt's pluralistic democracy. This theory holds that democracy implies the influence of many different interest groups on the political decisions of governments in the process of competition with each other, As a result, the different interests and needs of society will be met, and to a certain extent the contradictions among the various classes in American society will be alleviated, and a relatively stable equilibrium situation has been formed. Dahl starts from the meaning of a democratic regime. The definition of democracy as "pluralistic government" enables pluralistic social forces to decentralize government power to the maximum extent possible through mechanisms such as elections, effective participation, supervision and restriction, thereby ensuring that all levels and social organizations are protected. After putting forward the theoretical paradigm of "pluralistic democracy", Dahl soberly realized its defects and difficulties. Dahl proposes to apply the process of political democracy to the economic field, that is, his thought of economic democracy, and expounds the advantages of economic democracy. Based on the introduction of the above contents, this paper objectively evaluates Dahl's thought from two aspects: positive and negative. Dahl's theory of pluralistic democracy not only reflects the latest development of contemporary western democratic theory, but also reveals to some extent the operating mechanism of democracy in western countries, especially in the United States. The limitations of the theory of pluralistic democracy are also obvious. In fact, government decisions are inevitably manipulated by powerful interest groups, and the interests of vulnerable groups are often not satisfied or even ignored. Darr himself has a contradictory dual character. His ideal is to find a more perfect model for American democracy, but he has always been unable to get rid of the class limitations of the bourgeoisie. This also determined that he could not proceed from the Marxist class viewpoint and then fundamentally solve the essential problem of democracy. The author believes that whether it is the theory of pluralistic democracy itself or the criticism of the defects of pluralistic democracy, Even the theoretical attempt to find pluralistic democracy has certain reference significance for the construction of socialist democratic politics in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D082

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 李春梅;羅伯特·達(dá)爾的“社會制約權(quán)力”思想研究[D];吉林大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號：1655484