本文選題：彈劾制　切入點(diǎn)：民主　出處：《遼寧師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 彈劾是有關(guān)免除不稱職者公職的法律程序,研究西方國家彈劾制思想對民主體制建設(shè)具有重要意義。本文通過文獻(xiàn)分析和歷史考察的方法來準(zhǔn)確界定彈劾制的性質(zhì)和特征,使我們能夠從中借鑒,以此來建立更加完善的監(jiān)察機(jī)制,從而制約政府行為,推進(jìn)社會主義民主進(jìn)程。彈劾制最早發(fā)生在古希臘時(shí)期,克里斯提尼改革創(chuàng)立貝殼彈劾,為近代彈劾提供重要依據(jù)。14世紀(jì)英國把彈劾制作為一項(xiàng)政治制度確立下來,經(jīng)過了四百多年的歷程,彈劾制在英國隱退。美國1787年憲法確立彈劾制,再次興起彈劾之風(fēng)。最終,彈劾制在法國、德國、日本,乃至世界得到普及。 彈劾制在民主體制中地位突出作用重大,首先彈劾制是建立在民主基礎(chǔ)上憲政制度的一種,是三權(quán)分立政治體制的重要組成部分,為維護(hù)國家政治權(quán)力的平衡發(fā)揮著重要的作用。同時(shí),權(quán)力分立與制衡是彈劾制產(chǎn)生的前提,其發(fā)展和運(yùn)用促成了彈劾制的產(chǎn)生。其次,彈劾制是在憲政中設(shè)計(jì)的一套政府制度來保障法律的統(tǒng)治,防止政府和執(zhí)政者超越法律或踐踏法律,憲政思想是彈劾制得以實(shí)施的基礎(chǔ),源遠(yuǎn)流長的法治傳統(tǒng)和法治意識是議會彈劾權(quán)創(chuàng)立的一個(gè)重要條件。同時(shí)法律所規(guī)定的公平、公正等原則也在彈劾程序中得到實(shí)現(xiàn)。再次,彈劾制理論在其具體操作和實(shí)施過程中明顯的體現(xiàn)出主權(quán)在民思想,主權(quán)在民思想也為彈劾制的最終確立創(chuàng)造條件。最后,彈劾權(quán)是議會眾多職能之一,“議會至上”傳統(tǒng)間接的促使彈劾權(quán)的確立,彈劾權(quán)在發(fā)揮其作用時(shí)也必須實(shí)踐和推行“議會至上”思想。 各國的政體不同,法律法規(guī)等不同,所以各國規(guī)定的彈劾對象、罪名規(guī)范、彈劾程序、彈劾結(jié)果也各不相同。對英、美、法、德、日等國彈劾制進(jìn)行比較研究,能夠更深入了解彈劾制。彈劾制作為一種監(jiān)督制度,在百年的發(fā)展中也避免不了一些困境。如彈劾程序手續(xù)繁瑣,浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,造成得不償失;彈劾程序的啟動(dòng),成為不同黨派、不同利益集團(tuán)之間爭奪權(quán)力的工具;彈劾權(quán)是一種保留的權(quán)力,不僅使用頻率低,而且成功率低。 在當(dāng)今世界弘揚(yáng)法制和憲政的文明體系中,彈劾權(quán)仍占據(jù)著重要的地位,而且正在更廣大的范圍內(nèi)展示著自身的特殊價(jià)值和生機(jī)勃勃的力量。所以有必要深入研究這種彈劾思想,借為己用。研究并撰寫本文,與以前的研究者有所不同,本文主要從純理論的層面,以“三權(quán)分立與制衡”、“憲政”、“主權(quán)在民”以及“議會至上”等角度來闡明彈劾制在民主體制中的地位和作用,從而得出西方發(fā)達(dá)國家彈劾制對我們政治體制的健全與改革的幫助意義,彈劾制思想不僅能有效制約權(quán)力,避免權(quán)力過于集中和膨脹帶來的不良后果,而且利于推進(jìn)民主政治建設(shè),保證人民行使當(dāng)家作主的民主權(quán)利。
[Abstract]:Impeachment is a legal procedure concerning the exemption of incompetent persons from public office. The study of impeachment system in western countries is of great significance to the construction of democratic institutions. This paper defines the nature and characteristics of impeachment system by means of literature analysis and historical investigation. So that we can learn from it, so that we can establish a more perfect supervisory mechanism, so as to restrict the government behavior and promote the process of socialist democracy. Impeachment system first occurred in ancient Greece, the Christian Reformation created shell impeachment. To provide an important basis for modern impeachment. In the 14th century, Britain established impeachment as a political system. After more than 400 years of history, impeachment system retreated in Britain. The constitution of the United States established impeachment system in 1787, and the impeachment wind rose again. Impeachment is popular in France, Germany, Japan and the world. Impeachment system plays an important role in the democratic system. Firstly, impeachment system is a kind of constitutional system based on democracy and an important part of the political system of separation of powers. In order to maintain the balance of national political power, it plays an important role. At the same time, separation of powers and checks and balances are the premise of the impeachment system, and its development and application contributed to the emergence of impeachment system. Impeachment system is a set of government system designed in the constitutionalism to protect the rule of law and prevent the government and the rulers from exceeding the law or trampling on the law. The constitutional thought is the foundation of the impeachment system. The long-standing tradition of the rule of law and the awareness of the rule of law are an important condition for the establishment of the power of impeachment in Parliament. At the same time, the principles of fairness and impartiality stipulated by the law are also realized in the impeachment proceedings. Again, The theory of impeachment system obviously embodies the idea of sovereignty in the people in its concrete operation and implementation process, and the thought of sovereignty in the people also creates the conditions for the final establishment of impeachment system. Impeachment power is one of the many functions of parliament. The tradition of "parliament supremacy" indirectly promotes the establishment of impeachment power. When impeachment power exerts its function, it must also practice and carry out the thought of "parliament supremacy". Different countries have different political systems, different laws and regulations, so the impeachment targets, charges, impeachment procedures, and impeachment results prescribed by various countries are also different. A comparative study of impeachment systems in Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Japan, and other countries is carried out. To be able to better understand impeachment system. Impeachment production as a kind of supervision system can not avoid some difficulties in the century-old development. For example, impeachment procedure procedures are cumbersome and wasteful, resulting in more gain than loss; impeachment procedure starts. Impeachment power is a kind of reserved power, not only low frequency of use, but also low success rate. In the civilized system of promoting the legal system and constitutional government in today's world, impeachment power still occupies an important position. And they are showing their special value and dynamic power on a wider scale. So it is necessary to study this impeachment idea in depth for our own use. To study and write this article is different from previous researchers. This paper expounds the role of impeachment system in the democratic system from the perspective of pure theory, such as "separation of powers and checks and balances", "constitutionalism", "sovereignty in the people" and "parliament supreme". Thus, the impeachment system in western developed countries is helpful to the improvement and reform of our political system. The impeachment system can not only effectively restrict power, but also avoid the adverse consequences of excessive concentration and expansion of power. And conducive to the promotion of democratic politics, to ensure the exercise of the people's democratic rights as masters.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D035.4

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本文編號：1628610