本文關(guān)鍵詞： 西周 金文 官制 三有司　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：古代官職制度研究是中國古代史和政治制度史研究的一個(gè)重要課題,而作為中國官僚政治濫觴的西周官制的研究是其中重要但薄弱的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)�！叭兴尽弊鳛槲髦芄僦浦械囊粋�(gè)重要內(nèi)容,又在西周官制的研究與重構(gòu)中占有重要的地位。先秦文獻(xiàn)對(duì)西周官制的重構(gòu)方面發(fā)揮的作用是有限的,而戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期構(gòu)建的西周官制的重要著作的《周禮》,其出或有所憑,然內(nèi)容太過雜糅,作為西周制度的研究材料不可盡信。本文利用現(xiàn)有的金文材料,加之前人的研究成果,力圖對(duì)西周三有司做出較詳盡的研究。 三有司又稱三司,與三有事(或三事)的含義無論在文獻(xiàn)還金文中都是不同的。在《尚書》、《詩經(jīng)》、《逸周書》等傳世文獻(xiàn)及青銅器銘文中,“三事”是對(duì)三種職務(wù)的泛稱,其所指職務(wù)在當(dāng)時(shí)或許是具體的,但今已不可考。三有司是指司土、司馬、司工,這點(diǎn)在《盞方彝》中已有明確說明。司是周人特有用詞,三有司不見于商代甲骨文。三有司中司土、司工最早見于周初金文,但銘文都未涉及其職司,司馬則遲至中期才出現(xiàn)。三有司的頻繁出現(xiàn)是在昭穆之后。從這一時(shí)期開始,三有司在西周政治舞臺(tái)上開始發(fā)揮重要的作用,且在中后期政治軍事地位日益重要。 三有司作為政務(wù)性官員,其官員多是由具有軍事身份的師氏擔(dān)任的。三有司掌握著城邑人口、農(nóng)牧生產(chǎn)、軍備、軍法、建筑等政治軍事生活的重要方面,無疑是國家政治生活的核心。而另一方面,作為西周官僚整治中的主體的三有司,其特點(diǎn)——設(shè)置的普遍性、官員的文武不分、權(quán)力的分層性、職能的專業(yè)化——充分體現(xiàn)了西周官僚政治的特點(diǎn)。 司徒掌管籍田、虞林、牧等土地生產(chǎn)和民眾,從而掌握了國家經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈和人口；司馬掌管審判訴訟和軍政軍備,其軍政職能出現(xiàn)與軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)相結(jié)合的傾向；司空主管營建城邑、道路溝渠和祭祀、軍事工程的營建。可見三有司官員職能涉及面廣且重要,幾乎掌握了西周國家政治職能的各主要方面。 三有司在西周后期占有重要地位,在春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期則發(fā)生了職能蛻變,各諸侯國三有司的地位、名稱亦有不同,而進(jìn)入秦漢以后,司徒、司馬、司空在職能、性質(zhì)方面已與先秦時(shí)期有了很大不同。
[Abstract]:The study of the ancient official system is an important subject in the study of the ancient history of China and the history of the political system. The official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, as the origin of Chinese bureaucracy, is an important but weak link among them. As an important part of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, "San you Si" is an important part of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It also plays an important role in the research and reconstruction of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The pre-Qin literature played a limited role in the reconstruction of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but the important works of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty constructed during the warring States period, "Zhou Li", were produced or justified. However, the content is too mixed, as the system of the Western Zhou Dynasty research materials can not be trusted. This paper uses the existing materials, combined with the previous research results, trying to make a more detailed study of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The meaning of "three things" is different from that of "three things" in the literature and inscriptions on bronze vessels, such as "Shang Shu", "Book of songs", "Yi Zhou Shu" and so on. The position it referred to may have been specific at that time, but it is no longer possible to take an examination of it. The third is to refer to Si Tu, Sima, and Si Gong. This point has been clearly stated in "Zhang Fang Yi". Si is a unique word used by Zhou people. The three divisions were not found in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. The three had a division in the department. The division workers were first found in the early Zhou Dynasty, but the inscriptions were not related to their functions. Sima appeared only late in the middle of the period. The frequent appearance of the three divisions was after Zhao Mu. From this period on, The third division began to play an important role in the political stage of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and its political and military status became increasingly important in the middle and late period. As government officials, most of the officials are held by Shi, who has military status. The third is responsible for the important aspects of political and military life, such as population, farming and animal husbandry production, armament, military law, construction and other important aspects of political and military life. Undoubtedly, it is the core of national political life. On the other hand, as the main body of bureaucracy in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the characteristics of the three divisions are the universality of the establishment, the non-division of civil and military affairs among officials, and the stratification of power. The specialization of functions fully reflects the characteristics of bureaucracy in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Stu is in charge of land production and people, such as farmland, Yu Lin and animal husbandry, so as to master the national economic lifeline and population, Sima is in charge of judicial proceedings and military and political armament, and his military and political functions tend to be combined with military leadership. In charge of the construction of cities, roads, ditches and sacrifices, and the construction of military projects, it can be seen that the three functions of officials involved in a wide range of and important, almost master the Western Zhou Dynasty national political functions of the main aspects. During the period of Spring and Autumn and warring States, the functions of the three princes had changed, and the names of them were also different. After entering the Qin and Han dynasties, Si Tun, Sima and Si Kong were in their functions. The nature has been very different from the pre-Qin period.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D092;D691.2

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 李國琴;江漢平原歷代防洪方略研究[D];華中師范大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：1507670