本文關(guān)鍵詞： 孔子 孟子 權(quán)力觀 權(quán)力制約 思想 啟示　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：儒家孔孟思想中關(guān)于權(quán)力的論斷多如繁星,盡管這些思想是為了維護(hù)封建統(tǒng)治階級,強(qiáng)化皇權(quán)的,并不能充分代表公共利益,但其中如“為政以德”、“政在得民”、等思想確實(shí)有著跨越時(shí)代的永恒價(jià)值,對于研究現(xiàn)今公共管理中的權(quán)力制約問題有著十分重要的啟示意義。儒家思想注重倫理道德,在權(quán)力制約問題同樣主張以道德為主的制約模式。儒家從宏觀的、人文的角度看待權(quán)力一事,納權(quán)力防范于其系統(tǒng)的倫理學(xué)理論當(dāng)中,強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)利主體的“自律”。他們把國家治亂的根本寄托在統(tǒng)治者德行的高低厚薄上,希望通過對權(quán)力執(zhí)掌者的道德引導(dǎo)和改造,實(shí)現(xiàn)權(quán)力的正義本性。而在兩千年帝制政治中,儒家的至尊地位也從未在根本上發(fā)生動搖。在治理方略上,儒學(xué)所主張的倫理學(xué)思路也為漢以后歷代統(tǒng)治者所遵從,成為整飭吏治的基本手段。本文正是基于儒家思想中治國理政取向的歷史價(jià)值,以此為切入點(diǎn),對孔孟權(quán)力制約思想進(jìn)行剖析,進(jìn)而討論其對當(dāng)今權(quán)力制約體系的借鑒與啟示。 本文結(jié)構(gòu)共分為五個部分：第一部分,緒論。主要闡述選題的背景和意義,評述本議題的研究現(xiàn)狀,介紹本文的研究視角、方法、研究思路與框架、創(chuàng)新之處。第二部分,權(quán)力觀的構(gòu)成。這一部分主要從孔孟權(quán)力觀的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和目的、權(quán)力主體及其合法性、權(quán)力運(yùn)行的程序,多維度的對孔孟權(quán)力觀進(jìn)行論述。第三部分,在對權(quán)力觀解讀的基礎(chǔ)之上,進(jìn)而對孔孟權(quán)力制約思想進(jìn)行了概括：1、德治角度的權(quán)力制約主張——以德制權(quán)、以道制權(quán)；2、民治角度的權(quán)力制約主張；3、分權(quán)角度的權(quán)力制約主張——分職而事、諫議制權(quán)。第四部分,歷史價(jià)值及其局限性。這一部分對儒、法、道權(quán)力制約思想進(jìn)行了比較,并對孔孟權(quán)力制約思想的歷史價(jià)值和歷史局限性進(jìn)行了概括。第五部分,孔孟權(quán)力制約思想的啟示。這一部分分別從以德制權(quán)、以民制權(quán)兩個方面提出了孔孟權(quán)力主張對構(gòu)建權(quán)力制約體系的啟示。 孔孟以仁為核心的權(quán)力制約思想與中國古代法家、道家的權(quán)力制約思想以及西方權(quán)力制約思想有著截然不同的理論主張。在完善權(quán)力制衡體系的道路上,孔孟權(quán)力制約思想為其提供了倫理的指引。但權(quán)力制衡體系的構(gòu)建并不能寄希望于某一種單一模式,而是應(yīng)該以不同理論為借鑒,形成多元化的制約模式。在權(quán)力體系中,不僅要發(fā)揮以道德制約權(quán)力、以法律制約權(quán)力的強(qiáng)大作用,而且要重視以權(quán)利制約權(quán)力、以輿論制約權(quán)力、以分權(quán)制衡權(quán)力的有效途徑,加強(qiáng)各種制約監(jiān)督力量的協(xié)調(diào),理順權(quán)力體系內(nèi)的各種關(guān)系,使各種制約力量密切配合,優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ),充分發(fā)揮權(quán)力制約機(jī)制的整體效能。
[Abstract]:Confucian Confucius and Mencius thought about power as much as the stars, although these ideas are designed to protect the feudal ruling class, strengthen the imperial power, can not fully represent the public interest, However, such thoughts as "to govern by virtue", "to govern by the people", and so on, do have the eternal value of spanning the times, which is of great significance for the study of power restriction in public administration today. In the problem of power restriction, it also advocates the mode of restriction based on morality. The Confucianists treat power from a macro and humanistic perspective, and accept power to guard against it in its systematic ethical theory. Emphasizing the "self-discipline" of the subject of power. They place the fundamental foundation of the country's governance on the high and low moral values of the rulers, hoping to realize the just nature of the power through the moral guidance and reform of the people in charge of the power. And in the 2000 years of imperial politics, The supreme position of Confucianism never wavered fundamentally. In the strategy of governance, the ethical ideas advocated by Confucianism were followed by the rulers of the later Han Dynasty. This paper is based on the historical value of the political orientation of governing the country in the Confucian thought, taking this as the breakthrough point, analyzes the power restriction thought of Confucius and Mencius, and then discusses its reference and enlightenment to the current power restriction system. The structure of this paper is divided into five parts: the first part, the introduction. It mainly describes the background and significance of the topic, reviews the current research situation of this topic, introduces the research perspective, methods, research ideas and framework, innovation. This part mainly discusses the starting point and purpose of the power view of Confucius and Mencius, the subject of power and its legitimacy, the procedure of power operation, and discusses the view of power of Confucius and Mencius in many dimensions. On the basis of the interpretation of the view of power, the author generalizes the thought of power restriction of Confucius and Mencius in the view of "rule of virtue", and then generalizes the idea of "power restriction by virtue". This part compares Confucianism, law, and Taoism with the view of power restriction from the angle of Taoism, power restriction by the people, and power restriction from the angle of separation of powers. Part 4th is the historical value and limitation of the system of remonstrations and remonstrations, and a comparison is made of Confucianism, law, and Taoism in the view of power restriction. It also generalizes the historical value and historical limitation of the power restriction thought of Confucius and Mencius. Part 5th, the enlightenment of the power restriction thought of Confucius and Mencius. In this paper, the author puts forward the enlightenment of Confucius and Mencius on the establishment of power restriction system from the two aspects of civil power. The thought of power restriction with benevolence at the core of Confucius and Mencius has a completely different theoretical proposition from that of ancient Chinese legalists, Taoists and western ones. On the way of perfecting the system of power checks and balances, Confucius and Mencius have very different views on power restriction. Confucius and Mencius thought of power restriction provide ethical guidance, but the construction of power balance system can not be expected to be a single model, but should be based on different theories to form a pluralistic mode of restriction. It is necessary not only to exert the powerful function of restricting power by morality and law, but also to attach importance to restricting power by right, restricting power by public opinion, and strengthening the coordination of all kinds of restrictive and supervisory forces by the effective ways of separation of powers and checks and balances. Straighten out all kinds of relations in the power system, make all kinds of restricting forces cooperate closely, complement each other's advantages, give full play to the overall efficiency of the power restriction mechanism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D092

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