本文關鍵詞：馬克思主義經典作家的民族主義理論研究　出處：《南開大學》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

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【摘要】：馬克思主義經典作家的民族主義理論是馬克思主義基本理論的組成部分之一�！懊褡逯髁x”一詞實際上至今都沒有一個共識的定義,國際、國內相關學者從不同角度至少給出了200種說法。馬克思主義經典作家也未曾給民族主義下過明確定義,翻閱馬克思主義經典作家有關民族和民族主義的論著、書信、通訊等可以看出,在馬克思主義經典作家那里,民族主義既被看作是一種關乎民族的情感、情緒,也被界定為是一種以“民族自決”為基本主張的思想、學說,但更被視為是資產階級的意識形態(tài)和社會運動。 典型的民族主義現象產生于17、18世紀的西歐,以法國大革命為重要標志。在進入19世紀后其有了更為迅猛的發(fā)展,在世界的一些地區(qū)特別是在整個歐洲引起了巨大的激蕩。因此,作為一種社會現象,民族主義自然引起了馬克思恩格斯的關注。到了19世紀末20世紀初,隨著資本主義擴張的不斷加劇,民族主義早已越出歐洲范圍而傳遍亞非拉美。再加上俄國國內民族主義在此時的不斷滋長,列寧和斯大林不免更加重視民族主義問題�；谏鲜鍪聦�,馬克思主義經典作家針對民族主義有過很多論述。馬克思恩格斯對德意志民族利己主義、反猶太主義、民族虛無主義、民族沙文主義進行了嚴厲批判,對波蘭、愛爾蘭民族主義運動予以了特殊關注,對德意志、意大利、匈牙利民族革命運動表示支持,對泛斯拉夫主義思潮和運動卻極力反對,并對民族主義的基本主張---民族自決權表示認可；列寧對崩得的聯邦制建黨原則極力反對,對聯邦制國家結構形式原則上反對、實踐上借助,對民族自決權進行了系統(tǒng)分析,對企圖代替民族自決權的“民族文化自治”綱領做了批判,對民族殖民地被壓迫民族的民族主義運動表示深切關注和堅決支持,對國內和黨內大俄羅斯民族主義和地方民族主義傾向都表示反對,特別是對大俄羅斯民族主義做了重點批判；斯大林也對崩得的分離主義進行了批判,對蘇維埃自治做了廓清,認為民族自決權是解決民族問題的必要條件,批判了“民族文化自治”綱領,對東方民族主義運動特別是中國革命表示支持,在國內和黨內大俄羅斯民族主義和地方民族主義傾向問題上提出了自己的觀點。 正是上述馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林有關民族主義的觀點構成了馬克思主義經典作家的民族主義理論。馬克思主義經典作家民族主義理論的主要內容是承認多種形式民族主義的存在,反對狹隘的民族主義,支持包含民主進步因素的民族主義,視民族自決權為民族平等聯合、無產階級自決目標實現的有效方式,倡導無產階級國際主義。統(tǒng)觀整個馬克思主義經典作家的民族主義理論文本,其中蘊含著論戰(zhàn)性、階級性、具體性等基本特征。馬克思主義經典作家的民族主義理論雖形成、完善于19、20世紀,但在當前仍有很大的價值和意義。具體包括：用階級視角分析民族主義的有效性、區(qū)別對待民族主義的方法的當代適用性、對泛斯拉夫主義的批判有助于辨識當前的極端泛民族主義、有關民族自決權的主張為當前民族自決權的運用提供了參照原則、對愛國主義的界定成為評價民族國家利益訴求合理與否的重要標準、關于民族同化的二元分析有助于化解一體化與民族主義之間的矛盾。 研究馬克思主義-民族主義問題自然繞不開社會主義與民族主義的關系問題,一方面因為社會主義是馬克思主義經典作家所致力實現的共產主義目標的低級階段,它以馬克思主義為指導,自然接受了馬克思主義經典作家關于無產階級不分民族的國際團結、無產者和被壓迫民族團結起來、實現全人類徹底解放的思想；另一方面社會主義都是在民族國家框架下發(fā)展的,離開民族主義的社會主義是不存在的。原蘇東社會主義國家和中國都是堅持馬克思主義指導地位的社會主義國家,它們都曾面臨或依然還在面對認識和處理民族主義的問題。而蘇東社會主義國家的裂變、中國特色社會主義的蓬勃發(fā)展,一正一反兩個例證都說明必須把協(xié)調好社會主義與民族主義的關系作為社會主義建設事業(yè)的重要任務來抓,同時也要求人們對國際主義的階級屬性和當下內涵作出新的解讀。
[Abstract]:Marx and Engels theory of nationalism is one of the part of the basic theory of the Marx doctrine. The word "nationalism" actually has not a consensus on the definition of international, domestic scholars from different angles are given at least 200 kinds of argument. Marx did not give the classical writers socialist nationalism under a clear definition, read Marx and Engels works about nation and nationalism, letters, communication etc. can be seen in Marx's classical writers, nationalism can be regarded as a matter of national feelings, emotions, is defined as a "national self-determination" as the basic propositions of thought, theory, but it is regarded as bourgeois ideology and social movement.
A typical phenomenon of nationalism in the 17,18 century in Western Europe, with the French Revolution as an important symbol. In nineteenth Century it has more rapid development in some regions of the world, especially in Europe caused great agitation. Therefore, as a social phenomenon, nationalism naturally aroused Marx Engels attention. By the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century, with the expansion of capitalism intensified, nationalism has already gone beyond Europe and spread throughout the Afro Asian Latin American. Plus the Russian nationalist grow at this time, Lenin and Stalin can not help but pay more attention to the issue of nationalism. Based on the above facts, Marx and Engels in nationalism had a lot Marx, Engels. Discussion on German nation egoism, anti Semitism, national nihilism, ethnic chauvinism was severely criticized, In Poland, the Irish nationalist movement gave special attention to Germany, Italy, Hungary, expressed support for national revolutionary movement, pan Slavism trend and movement is strongly opposed, and the basic ideas of Nationalism -- the right to self-determination expressed approval; Lenin strongly opposed to the collapse of the federal system of the principle, opposed the antithetical couplet state state structure principle, by means of practice, the right to self-determination system analysis was carried out to attempt to replace the right to self-determination "national cultural autonomy" program made criticism, expressed deep concern and strong support for the national colonial oppression of ethnic nationalist movements, the party and the country of great Russian nationalism and the local nationalist tendencies were opposed, especially for Russian nationalism as the focus of criticism; Stalin is also on the collapse of the separatist group On the sentence, Autonomous Soviet made clear, that the right to self-determination is a necessary condition to solve the national problems, criticized the "cultural autonomy" national program of Oriental nationalism especially Chinese revolution expressed support, in the party and the country of great Russian nationalism tend to put forward their own views.
It is the Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, the nationalist view consists of Marx and Engels nationalism theory. The main contents of Marx and Engels theory of nationalism is the recognition of the various forms of nationalism, oppose narrow nationalism, support includes democratic progress factors of nationalism, national self-determination the right to equality, effective way to realize the goal of the proletariat self-determination, advocated the proletarian internationalism. Whole classical writer Marx and the nationalism, which contains a debate, class, basic characteristics of concrete. Marx and Engels nationalism theory was formed and perfected in the 19,20 century, but still there is great value in the present. Including: the analysis of the effectiveness of nationalism in the class perspective, distinction The applicability of the method of nationalism, criticism of Pan Slavism helps identify extreme pan nationalism current, according to the application of the principle of the right to self-determination claims for the right to self-determination is provided on the definition of patriotism becomes an important criterion for evaluation of national interests is reasonable or not, two yuan analysis about assimilation helps to resolve contradictions between globalization and nationalism.
The relationship between the Marx doctrine - the issue of nationalism is not open around the socialist nature and nationalism, on the one hand, because socialism is the lower stage of Marx and Engels are committed to achieve the final goal of communism, it takes Marx's guidance, nature received Marx and Engels on proletarian international regardless of ethnic unity, the and the oppressed nation to unite, to achieve the complete liberation of all mankind thought; on the other hand are in the National Socialist Development under the framework of the socialist left nationalism does not exist. The former Soviet Union and Eastern socialist countries and China are adhering to the guiding position of the Marx doctrine of the socialist countries, they have faced or still in the face recognition and treatment of nationalism. Soviet Socialist Countries fission, main characteristics of social China The two positive examples of the vigorous development of righteousness indicate that we must coordinate the relationship between socialism and nationalism as an important task of socialist construction. At the same time, we also need to make a new interpretation of the class attribute and connotation of internationalism.

【學位授予單位】：南開大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D06;A811

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