本文關(guān)鍵詞：顧準(zhǔn)政黨政治思想初探　出處：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：顧準(zhǔn)(1915-1974)是中國近現(xiàn)代著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、歷史學(xué)家、思想家,1927年在中華職業(yè)學(xué)校輟學(xué)后到立信會計事務(wù)所工作。僅有初中學(xué)歷的他,一邊工作一邊自學(xué),出版多種著作,24歲那年同時被上海之江大學(xué)、滬江大學(xué)及圣約翰大學(xué)聘為教授。1931年九·一八事變爆發(fā)后,參與發(fā)起愛國組織——立信同學(xué)會、進(jìn)社。上海淪陷后前往蘇南抗日根據(jù)地工作。新中國成立后任上海市首任財稅局長,1957年和1965年兩次被劃為右派。曾入中國社會科學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所工作,出任中國資源綜合考察委員會常務(wù)副主任等職,著作頗豐。 顧準(zhǔn)民主思想體系龐大,博大精深,學(xué)界多有論及。但以“社會主義兩黨制”為代表的政黨政治思想,卻鮮有人研究。 兩黨制是西方資本主義國家中,由兩個勢均力敵的政黨通過競選取得議會多數(shù)席位,或者贏得總統(tǒng)選舉而輪流執(zhí)政的政治制度。顧準(zhǔn)提出在社會主義條件下實(shí)行兩黨制,據(jù)筆者所知,在中國尚無先例。 社會主義兩黨制思想的提出,以一黨制無民主可言為前提。顧準(zhǔn)認(rèn)為,為使人民的意志得到尊重,防止個人權(quán)力的膨脹,實(shí)現(xiàn)民主,避免獨(dú)裁,兩黨制是唯一可行之法。有別于西方建立在資本主義所有制基礎(chǔ)上的兩黨制,顧準(zhǔn)的兩黨制建立在社會主義公有制基礎(chǔ)之上,這是兩者的截然不同點(diǎn)。 有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,顧準(zhǔn)的社會主義兩黨制,既主張民主政治,又堅持消滅私有制,存在著明顯的邏輯斷裂。還有學(xué)者指出,顧準(zhǔn)一方面主張兩黨政制,另一方面又不反對社會主義公有制,很難理解是由衷之言抑或?qū)Ｖ骗h(huán)境下不自覺的政治表達(dá)。有的學(xué)者甚至斷言,顧準(zhǔn)只在口頭上贊成社會主義,實(shí)際上贊成的是資本主義制度下的兩黨制,其真實(shí)意圖是讓那些包辦選舉的資產(chǎn)階級政客上臺,由他們“輪流坐莊”以取代共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政。 本文通過分析認(rèn)為,顧準(zhǔn)并非以“社會主義”為幌子推行西方資本主義兩黨制思想,而是真心實(shí)意地主張在保留社會主義公有制的前提下,在中國實(shí)現(xiàn)兩黨輪流執(zhí)政以保證民主。 在“文革”那樣的年代,顧準(zhǔn)敢于提出社會主義兩黨制這樣新穎且極具敏感性的思想,與其早年的生活環(huán)境,愛國精神的激勵以及苦難中堅持探索的精神有關(guān)。 顧準(zhǔn)并非一開始就主張在中國實(shí)行社會主義兩黨制,而是有一個思想變化的過程�！拔母铩鼻八麍孕劈h內(nèi)民主,政治上主張新權(quán)威主義,“文革”后他改變了先前的主張,認(rèn)為一黨制下不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)民主,兩黨制才是實(shí)現(xiàn)民主的唯一途徑。究其原因,主要是由于國內(nèi)外環(huán)境劇變帶來的思想沖擊。另外,顧準(zhǔn)對西方多元主義文化的鐘愛以及他本人作為有不幸遭遇的愛國知識分子,渴望自己的意見能夠?yàn)閳?zhí)政者所傾聽,也是顧準(zhǔn)發(fā)生思想轉(zhuǎn)變的原因。 從政治和民眾思想兩個層面通盤比較中西文化,顧準(zhǔn)認(rèn)為西方的多元主義文化,沒有壟斷一切的政治權(quán)威；而中國盛行大一統(tǒng)文化,存在較難逾越的政治權(quán)威。只有實(shí)行兩黨制,讓被執(zhí)政者聽到批判的聲音,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)民主,其深厚的思想淵源值得肯定。但顧準(zhǔn)未能充分展開闡述其社會主義兩黨制思想,這與當(dāng)時他所處的政治、生活環(huán)境密不可分。 進(jìn)而言之,顧準(zhǔn)認(rèn)為一黨制必然演化為獨(dú)裁,有失偏頗。新中國成立后,執(zhí)政的中國共產(chǎn)黨推行的民主集中制、多黨合作制,使民眾得以影響國家大政方針,便是說明。而顧準(zhǔn)未能全面認(rèn)識西方兩黨制下的非民主因素,將其照搬到中國是不可取的。 盡管如此,從歷史及道德的層面看,站在“文革”的背景下而言,顧準(zhǔn)的社會主義兩黨制思想雖矯枉過正,但仍有某種積極意義,且其背后蘊(yùn)含著顧準(zhǔn)的拳拳愛國之心和崇高道德品質(zhì),是中國現(xiàn)代史上珍貴的思想遺產(chǎn)。但從學(xué)理上評判顧準(zhǔn)的社會主義兩黨制思想,便可發(fā)現(xiàn)其有失有得,失大于得。 歸納來說,顧準(zhǔn)是社會主義公有制下兩黨制的首倡者,是前輩學(xué)者思考社會主義民主問題的代表。顧準(zhǔn)的思想是隨著國內(nèi)外環(huán)境而變化的,探討其正誤得失,應(yīng)采取非靜止的動態(tài)研究方法,全面、辯證地看待問題。無論是“文革”前提倡新權(quán)威主義,還是“文革”后主張實(shí)行社會主義兩黨制,均出自顧準(zhǔn)企盼中國走向富強(qiáng)的美好愿望,是一種愛國主義歸趨。
[Abstract]:Gu ( 1915 - 1974 ) was a famous economist , historian and thinker in modern China . In 1927 , he went out of school in China Vocational School . He was a professor at the University of Shanghai , Shanghai University and St . John ' s University . As the ideology of the quasi - democratic ideology is large and profound , there are many arguments in the academic circle . But the political thought of the party , which is represented by the " two - party system of socialism " , is seldom studied . The two - party system is the political system in which the political parties in the western capitalist countries take turns to power through the election to obtain the majority of seats in the parliament or win the presidential election . As a result , there is no precedent in China , according to the author ' s knowledge . On the basis of socialist public ownership , the two - party system established on the basis of capitalist ownership is established on the basis of socialist public ownership , which is the distinct point of both . Some scholars believe that the quasi - socialist two - party system not only advocates the democratic politics , but also insists on the elimination of private ownership , and there is a clear logical fracture . Some scholars have even affirmed that , on the one hand , it advocates the two - party system of government , on the other hand , does not oppose socialist public ownership , but it is hard to understand the two - party system under the capitalist system . In the view of the analysis , the author argues that the two - party rotation of the two parties should be realized in China on the premise of preserving the socialist public ownership without the use of " socialism " under the guise of " socialism " . In the age of " Cultural Revolution " , he dared to propose a new and highly sensitive idea of socialist two - party system , which is related to his early life environment , the inspiration of patriotic spirit and the spirit of exploration in suffering . As a result , he believes that it is impossible to realize democracy and the two - party system is the only way to realize democracy . The reason is that it is not possible to realize democracy under the one - party system , and the two - party system is the only way to realize democracy . From the two levels of politics and the people ' s thought , the Chinese and Western cultures are comparatively well compared with the western culture . As a result , it is believed that the western multi - cultural culture has no monopoly of all political authority . Only two - party system can be realized , so that it can realize democracy . It is worth affirming the profound ideological origin . However , it is not possible to fully expand the ideas of the socialist two - party system , which is inseparable from the politics and living environment at that time . In short , it is not advisable to have a comprehensive understanding of the non - democratic factors in the western two - party system and to move it to China without a comprehensive understanding of the non - democratic factors under the western two - party system . However , from the perspective of history and morality , in the context of " Cultural Revolution " , the thought of the socialist two - party system , as Gu Yi , has been corrected in vain , but still has some positive significance . To sum up , as the first exponent of the two - party system under socialist public ownership , it is the representative of the former scholars to think about the socialist democracy . As the thought of Gu Yi is changing with the environment at home and abroad , it should take the non - stationary dynamic research method to view the problem in a comprehensive and dialectical manner .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D092

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