清末練兵處研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-03-12 18:40
【摘要】：練兵處是清末新政前期軍事改革的重要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu),從1903到1906年存在了三年時間。它是中國第一個具有現(xiàn)代化意義的全國軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)。成立這個機(jī)構(gòu)是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)中國的軍事現(xiàn)代化,而這是傳統(tǒng)的軍事機(jī)構(gòu)——兵部無法完成的任務(wù),因?yàn)榫毐幍臋C(jī)構(gòu)組織和主要負(fù)責(zé)人員真正符合了現(xiàn)代化軍事改革的要求,而兵部則是完全傳統(tǒng)的以文職官員為主的機(jī)構(gòu)。因此可以說練兵處成立本身就是中國軍事現(xiàn)代化的一個進(jìn)步。然而練兵處與兵部的權(quán)力爭奪大大降低了練兵處的效率,其中夾雜的滿漢矛盾更是為練兵處后來的命運(yùn)埋下了隱患。 練兵處在成立后頒布了一系列的軍事改革章程,其中最重要的就是從總體上規(guī)劃中國現(xiàn)代化軍制改革的總綱——營制餉章。營制餉章既涉及軍事制度改革的方方面面,同時也規(guī)定了中國新式陸軍的軍隊建制和軍隊薪餉。除了營制餉章外還有各個方面的軍事改革章程,包括了軍官級別、教育、后勤、訓(xùn)練、武器等。這些章程基本是以西方的軍事制度為模板,同時也考慮了中國的具體情況而有所變通,既體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代化的特點(diǎn),也融入了國情。這些章程總體上構(gòu)成了中國軍事現(xiàn)代化的指導(dǎo)思想,為中國軍事現(xiàn)代化改革指明了方向。 練兵處按照所頒布的章程積極的參與到了全國各地新軍編練的實(shí)踐活動中。練兵處大臣袁世凱身體力行大力編練北洋新軍,在其任職練兵處會辦大臣期間取得了很高的練兵成就。而張之洞作為地方督撫代表也努力實(shí)現(xiàn)練兵處各個章程的要求,在新軍編練上成效不小。另外練兵處還親自主持參與了兩次由新軍參與的現(xiàn)代化軍事演習(xí),引起了國內(nèi)外的注目。監(jiān)督指導(dǎo)各地建立陸軍學(xué)堂,催促各地設(shè)立督練公所,派遣大員考察各地新軍編練情況,統(tǒng)一各地武器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和軍服樣式,這些也都是練兵處參與全國新軍編練的重要內(nèi)容。 練兵處最終因?yàn)闈M漢權(quán)力斗爭而被歸入了陸軍部,完成了它的歷史使命。它既為中國軍事現(xiàn)代化改革做出了自己的貢獻(xiàn),也因?yàn)楫?dāng)時的各種復(fù)雜情況留下了不少遺憾和值得吸取的教訓(xùn)�，F(xiàn)在回過頭去看看那個時代,既痛心于當(dāng)時中國悲慘的命運(yùn),也為一批批愛國者努力改變中國的命運(yùn)而受到鼓舞,更深感那個時代現(xiàn)代化改革的艱險和不易,從而倍加珍惜當(dāng)代這來之不易的改革成果。
[Abstract]:The military training Service was an important leading organization for military reform in the early period of the Qing Dynasty, which lasted three years from 1903 to 1906. It is China's first modernization of the national military leadership organization. This institution was established to achieve China's military modernization, and this is a task that can not be accomplished by the traditional military institution, the Ministry of Arms, because the organizational structure and the main responsible personnel of the military training Service have truly met the requirements of modern military reform. The military, on the other hand, is a fully traditional, civilian-dominated institution. Therefore, it can be said that the establishment of the Department of military training itself is a progress in China's military modernization. However, the competition for power between the military training department and the military department greatly reduced the efficiency of the military training office, among which the Manchu-Han contradiction buried hidden dangers for the future fate of the military training department. After its establishment, the Department of military training promulgated a series of regulations for military reform, the most important of which is the general program for the reform of China's modern military system, the general outline of the reform of the modern military system in China-the rates chapter of the battalion system. The Battalion chapter not only deals with all aspects of the reform of the military system, but also regulates the military establishment and salaries of the new Chinese Army. In addition to the barracks, there are all aspects of the military reform charter, including officer rank, education, logistics, training, weapons and so on. These statutes are based on the western military system as a template, but also take into account the specific situation of China, reflecting the characteristics of modernization, but also integrated into the national conditions. These statutes generally constitute the guiding ideology of China's military modernization and point out the direction for the reform of China's military modernization. In accordance with the regulations issued, the military training Office actively participated in the practice of the New Army training all over the country. Yuan Shikai, minister of the Department of military training, made great efforts to train the New Army of Beiyang, and made very high achievements in training soldiers during his tenure as Minister of the Department of military training. Zhang Zhidong, as a local governor and representative, also made great efforts to realize the requirements of the regulations of the military training Office, and achieved considerable results in the training of the New Army. In addition, the military training Branch personally presided over two modern military exercises attended by the New Army, attracting attention at home and abroad. Supervising and guiding the establishment of army schools in various localities, urging various localities to set up supervision and training institutions, sending large members to inspect the development of new armies in various areas, and unifying weapons standards and military uniform styles in various localities are also important contents for the military training office to participate in the training of the new army throughout the country. The military training Service was eventually subsumed into the Army Department because of the Manchu-Han power struggle and completed its historical mission. It has not only made its own contribution to the reform of China's military modernization, but also left a lot of regrets and lessons to be learned from various complicated situations at that time. Now looking back at that era, I am not only saddened by the tragic fate of China at that time, but also encouraged by the efforts of a batch of patriots to change the fate of China. I am even more deeply aware of the hardships and difficulties of modernizing reform in that era. Thus cherish the hard-won reform achievements of the contemporary times.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K252
本文編號：2439054
[Abstract]:The military training Service was an important leading organization for military reform in the early period of the Qing Dynasty, which lasted three years from 1903 to 1906. It is China's first modernization of the national military leadership organization. This institution was established to achieve China's military modernization, and this is a task that can not be accomplished by the traditional military institution, the Ministry of Arms, because the organizational structure and the main responsible personnel of the military training Service have truly met the requirements of modern military reform. The military, on the other hand, is a fully traditional, civilian-dominated institution. Therefore, it can be said that the establishment of the Department of military training itself is a progress in China's military modernization. However, the competition for power between the military training department and the military department greatly reduced the efficiency of the military training office, among which the Manchu-Han contradiction buried hidden dangers for the future fate of the military training department. After its establishment, the Department of military training promulgated a series of regulations for military reform, the most important of which is the general program for the reform of China's modern military system, the general outline of the reform of the modern military system in China-the rates chapter of the battalion system. The Battalion chapter not only deals with all aspects of the reform of the military system, but also regulates the military establishment and salaries of the new Chinese Army. In addition to the barracks, there are all aspects of the military reform charter, including officer rank, education, logistics, training, weapons and so on. These statutes are based on the western military system as a template, but also take into account the specific situation of China, reflecting the characteristics of modernization, but also integrated into the national conditions. These statutes generally constitute the guiding ideology of China's military modernization and point out the direction for the reform of China's military modernization. In accordance with the regulations issued, the military training Office actively participated in the practice of the New Army training all over the country. Yuan Shikai, minister of the Department of military training, made great efforts to train the New Army of Beiyang, and made very high achievements in training soldiers during his tenure as Minister of the Department of military training. Zhang Zhidong, as a local governor and representative, also made great efforts to realize the requirements of the regulations of the military training Office, and achieved considerable results in the training of the New Army. In addition, the military training Branch personally presided over two modern military exercises attended by the New Army, attracting attention at home and abroad. Supervising and guiding the establishment of army schools in various localities, urging various localities to set up supervision and training institutions, sending large members to inspect the development of new armies in various areas, and unifying weapons standards and military uniform styles in various localities are also important contents for the military training office to participate in the training of the new army throughout the country. The military training Service was eventually subsumed into the Army Department because of the Manchu-Han power struggle and completed its historical mission. It has not only made its own contribution to the reform of China's military modernization, but also left a lot of regrets and lessons to be learned from various complicated situations at that time. Now looking back at that era, I am not only saddened by the tragic fate of China at that time, but also encouraged by the efforts of a batch of patriots to change the fate of China. I am even more deeply aware of the hardships and difficulties of modernizing reform in that era. Thus cherish the hard-won reform achievements of the contemporary times.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K252
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