【摘要】：民國時(shí)期華北農(nóng)家生產(chǎn)資料的投入和消費(fèi)方面都有改變。水利灌溉工程的建設(shè)方面,在20年代華北大旱后,政府和民間投入巨大的精力和財(cái)力進(jìn)行抗旱,并且開始著眼于根本性的舉措,水利灌溉工程的建設(shè)迎來發(fā)展的新時(shí)期。一是農(nóng)業(yè)灌井?dāng)?shù)量不斷增多；二是疏浚河道,利用河渠灌溉面積不斷增大。此外,這一時(shí)期在河北還出現(xiàn)了商辦的水利股份公司,開創(chuàng)了水利開發(fā)的新模式。農(nóng)具投入方而,華北農(nóng)戶所使用的農(nóng)具依然是中國幾千年來的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)具,“均各而不甚精美”。在制作材料上有所改善,多由本制改為鐵制。出現(xiàn)了少量的新式農(nóng)具,但沒有得到普遍推廣,未對農(nóng)具的改革產(chǎn)生決定性的影響。肥料依然以農(nóng)家肥為主,化肥得到引進(jìn)和使用,但使用有限,影響甚微。優(yōu)良的棉種和煙種的推廣達(dá)到到了一定效果。農(nóng)家牲畜依然短缺,尤其是大牲畜甚少,而且農(nóng)戶間的分配極不平衡,不僅影響農(nóng)戶的耕作,而且制約了農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。農(nóng)戶消費(fèi)方面,從衣、食、住各個(gè)方面的考察都表明農(nóng)戶依然僅處于溫飽水平而已。維持生存的食物消費(fèi)占據(jù)絕對比例,娛樂、教育、衛(wèi)生等享受消費(fèi)偏少甚至沒有。農(nóng)戶普遍的貧困和資金的缺乏限制了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料的再投入,影響了農(nóng)具、肥料、牲畜、水利設(shè)施的使用,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平難有提高。
[Abstract]:In the period of the Republic of China, the input and consumption of the means of production in North China have changed. In the construction of water conservancy and irrigation engineering, after the drought in North China in the 1920s, the government and the folk invested huge energy and financial resources to fight drought, and began to focus on the fundamental measures, the construction of water conservancy irrigation project ushered in a new period of development. One is the increasing number of agricultural irrigation wells and the other is dredging the river channel. In addition, this period also appeared in Hebei water conservancy joint-stock company, created a new model of water conservancy development. However, the farm tools used by farmers in North China are still the traditional tools for thousands of years in China, "all of them are not very exquisite." In the production of materials have been improved, more from this system to iron. A small number of new farm implements appeared, but they were not popularized and had no decisive influence on the reform of farm implements. Fertilizer is still mainly agricultural manure, fertilizer is introduced and used, but its use is limited and has little effect. The popularization of fine cotton seed and tobacco seed has achieved certain effect. There is still a shortage of farm livestock, especially the small number of large livestock, and the distribution among farmers is very unbalanced, which not only affects the farming of farmers, but also restricts the development of agriculture. In terms of household consumption, the inspection of clothing, food and housing shows that farmers are still only at the level of food and clothing. Subsistence food consumption accounts for an absolute proportion, entertainment, education, health and other enjoyment consumption is low or not. The widespread poverty of farmers and the lack of funds restrict the re-investment of agricultural means of production, affect the use of farm tools, fertilizers, livestock, water conservancy facilities, and the level of agricultural production is difficult to improve.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：F329;K258

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