【摘要】：清末政府宣布仿行憲政體制——預(yù)備立憲,在中央設(shè)資政院,各省成立咨議局,之后又在各省縣城鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)設(shè)立籌辦地方自治公所,開(kāi)啟地方自治先河,這是中國(guó)民主政治體制最早的雛形;辛亥的炮火結(jié)束了清政府的統(tǒng)治,萌生了地方政治的新芽,開(kāi)始新的歷史紀(jì)元。南京臨時(shí)國(guó)民政府成立后,孫中山督促各省成立議會(huì)共商民主大業(yè);1912-1913年湖南各縣鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)議會(huì)以《城鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)地方自治章程》為基礎(chǔ)相繼召開(kāi),這是湖南地方民主自治的一次實(shí)踐,代表著資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主政治初步形成;秉承“以本村之人議本村之事”的原則,湖南省各縣鄉(xiāng)議會(huì)選舉議員,提出、討論和議決了經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、民生、文化教育、社會(huì)風(fēng)俗等方面的議案。其中既與民眾生活密切相關(guān),又影響著政府統(tǒng)治能否得到鞏固的,當(dāng)屬荒政方面的議案。有著“湖廣熟,天下足”美稱的湖南,自1906年起連續(xù)8年的水旱災(zāi)害下元?dú)獯髠?頻仍的自然災(zāi)害、動(dòng)蕩不安的時(shí)局讓湖南民眾生活處于水深火熱之中;1912-1913年間湖南受災(zāi)縣鄉(xiāng)“饑民哀鴻遍野”,各縣鄉(xiāng)議會(huì)以地方災(zāi)情為據(jù)提出積谷備荒、修河鋪路、以工代賑、成立農(nóng)林所等許多減災(zāi)防災(zāi)、賑災(zāi)救災(zāi)相關(guān)議案;這些議案既有傳統(tǒng)荒政的沿襲,也有革新立意之處;在防災(zāi)減災(zāi)方面,重視對(duì)糧倉(cāng)的保管,開(kāi)源節(jié)流,籌辦農(nóng)林會(huì),推動(dòng)湖南農(nóng)林業(yè)的發(fā)展,提高的民眾抗災(zāi)能力與防災(zāi)意識(shí);在賑災(zāi)救災(zāi)上,以工代賑得到更多的關(guān)注與多元發(fā)展,官辦慈善事業(yè)開(kāi)始衰退,民間慈善充救濟(jì)逐漸躍居重要的角色,開(kāi)始新的發(fā)展。湖南省各縣鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)議會(huì)存在雖只有兩三年,對(duì)于湖南社會(huì)生活的實(shí)際貢獻(xiàn)也較為有限,但是它讓一般民眾得以參與地方事務(wù),政治參與熱情得到極大提高,作為湖南歷史上第一個(gè)正式的地方自治政治體現(xiàn),具有開(kāi)拓性意義;荒政議案以維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)治及地方穩(wěn)定為出發(fā)點(diǎn),造福民眾,體現(xiàn)了民國(guó)時(shí)期荒政的近代化,也反映了在當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)歷史背景下的無(wú)奈與無(wú)力,也為湘省之后的荒政發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ),留下許多寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。
[Abstract]:At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the government announced the establishment of a constitutional system, that is, the preparation of the constitution, the establishment of administrative departments at the central level, and the establishment of advisory bureaus in the provinces, and then the setting up of local autonomy offices in the counties, towns, townships and townships of various provinces, which opened the first example of local autonomy. This is the earliest embryonic form of China's democratic political system; The gunfire of Xin Hai ended the rule of Qing government, sprouted the new bud of local politics, and began a new historical epoch. After the establishment of the Nanjing interim National Government, Sun Zhongshan urged the provinces to set up parliaments to discuss the great cause of democracy. From 1912 to 1913, the county and township councils of Hunan were successively held on the basis of the articles of Local Autonomy of towns and Countryside, which was a practice of Hunan's local democratic autonomy and represented the initial formation of bourgeois democratic politics. Adhering to the principle of "using the people of this village to discuss the affairs of this village", the county and township councils of Hunan Province elected members and proposed, discussed and resolved bills on economic construction, people's livelihood, culture and education, social customs, and so on. Which is closely related to the life of the people, but also affects whether the government can be consolidated. Hunan, known as "the lake is familiar, the world is good," since 1906, eight consecutive years of flood and drought disasters under the major damage, frequent natural disasters, turbulent times let Hunan people live in deep suffering; From 1912 to 1913, Hunan's stricken counties "hungry people mourn the wild", the county and township councils based on the local disaster situation as the basis for the proposal to store the valley to prepare wasteland, build rivers to pave the road, work for relief, set up agricultural and forestry institutions, and many other disaster relief, disaster relief and disaster relief related bills; In the aspect of disaster prevention and mitigation, we should attach importance to the preservation of granaries, increase resources and cut down expenditure, organize agricultural and forestry meetings, promote the development of agriculture and forestry in Hunan, and improve the people's ability to resist disasters and prevent disasters. In disaster relief and relief, more attention and diversified development of the relief for work, official philanthropy began to decline, folk charity relief gradually leapt to an important role, began to develop. Although the county and township councils of Hunan Province only exist for two or three years, and their actual contribution to Hunan's social life is also relatively limited, it enables the general public to participate in local affairs, and the enthusiasm for political participation is greatly enhanced. As the first formal political embodiment of local autonomy in Hunan history, it is of pioneering significance. The famine policy bill takes the maintenance of national rule and local stability as the starting point and benefits the people. It reflects the modernization of famine in the period of the Republic of China, and also reflects the helplessness and powerlessness in the social and historical background of that time. It also laid the foundation for the development of famine after Hunan province, leaving many valuable experiences and lessons.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K258

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