【摘要】：十九世紀(jì)末二十世紀(jì)初,地處我國西南邊疆的神圣領(lǐng)土西藏頻頻遭受英俄兩國的覬覦和侵略,形勢岌岌可危。熟諳外交和西藏事務(wù)的張蔭棠上書朝廷,詳陳整頓藏務(wù)以御外侮的一系列主張,受到清廷重視,旋被委任為欽差大臣入藏“查辦藏事”。作為清代第一位主持藏政的漢族官員,張蔭棠雖名為“查辦藏事”大臣,實(shí)際上行使的完全是駐藏大臣的職權(quán),故張蔭棠得以在藏事各領(lǐng)域推行全面的新政。自1905年赴印度談判藏事起,到1908年代表中國與英國簽訂《中英修訂藏印條約通商章程》,張蔭棠關(guān)涉藏務(wù)長達(dá)兩年多的時(shí)間。這中間的1906年10月到1907年5月,張蔭棠頒發(fā)文件,設(shè)立機(jī)構(gòu),全面推行各項(xiàng)新政,是他實(shí)際主持西藏政務(wù)的時(shí)期。張蔭棠在西藏推行的新政幾乎是全方位的,涵蓋了政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、科教文衛(wèi)以及對外交涉等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,本文即從上述幾個(gè)方面展開對張蔭棠的研究,其主要內(nèi)容如下： 緒論部分分析了本文選題的學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值、回顧了對張蔭棠相關(guān)研究的現(xiàn)狀,并從理論、資料等方面擬定了該選題研究的可行方案。同時(shí),指出本文研究的方法和學(xué)術(shù)創(chuàng)新之所在。 正文第一章是全文的背景部分,主要論述了張蔭棠查辦藏事的客觀和主觀原因�？陀^而言,對張蔭棠受命查辦藏事前西藏的形勢和清廷破例委任漢族官員出任駐藏大臣的原因進(jìn)行了分析。主觀而言,指出張蔭棠熟悉藏務(wù)、善于新政以及長期使外的經(jīng)歷是他被任命查辦藏事的個(gè)人原因。 第二章主要考察張蔭棠西藏新政的政治和軍事措施,從懲治貪污腐敗、主張官制改革、編練新式軍隊(duì)和籌辦西藏警政等幾個(gè)方面展開研究,指出收回清廷中央在西藏的軍政大權(quán)是張蔭棠查辦藏事的核心內(nèi)容。 第三章主要考察張蔭棠西藏新政在經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、科教文衛(wèi)以及對外交涉等領(lǐng)域的舉措,指出這些措施的推行有利于西藏的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會(huì)進(jìn)步以及文教衛(wèi)生等各項(xiàng)事業(yè)的開展,還在諸多領(lǐng)域起到了開創(chuàng)性的作用。 第四章本章分析了張蔭棠正準(zhǔn)備在西藏大展宏圖之時(shí)被清廷調(diào)離西藏,新政被迫中輟的原因,提出了不同于前人的觀點(diǎn)。 第五章是本文的總結(jié)部分,即張蔭棠西藏新政的綜合評析。對張蔭棠治藏功績進(jìn)行了概括,肯定其西藏新政的重大成就,指出其不盡人意之處,并列舉后世學(xué)者對張蔭棠的高度評價(jià)。最后通過對比分析,指出張蔭棠作為駐藏大臣所獨(dú)有的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)。 張蔭棠的西藏新政全面而具體,開啟了西藏邁向近代化的大門,為以后西藏的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Tibet, the sacred territory on the southwest frontier of China, was frequently coveted and invaded by Britain and Russia, and the situation was precarious. Zhang Yin-tang, who is familiar with foreign affairs and Tibet affairs, wrote to the court to elaborate a series of views on rectifying Tibetan affairs to resist foreign aggression. As the first Han official to preside over Tibetan affairs in the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Yin-tang was named "investigating and handling Tibetan affairs", but what he actually exercised was the authority of the minister stationed in Tibet, so Zhang Yin-tong was able to carry out a comprehensive new deal in various fields of Tibetan affairs. Since he went to India to negotiate with Tibet in 1905 and signed the Sino-British Treaty of Commerce with Britain in 1908, Zhang Yin-tang has been involved in Tibetan affairs for more than two years. From October 1906 to May 1907, Zhang Yin-tong issued documents, set up institutions and comprehensively implemented various new policies, which was the period during which he actually presided over Tibetan government affairs. The New deal carried out by Zhang Yin-tang in Tibet is almost omni-directional, covering various fields such as politics, military, economic, social, scientific, educational, cultural, and foreign negotiations. The main contents are as follows: the introduction part analyzes the academic value of this topic, reviews the current situation of Zhang Yin-tong 's related research, and draws up the feasible scheme from the aspects of theory, data and so on. At the same time, this paper points out the research method and academic innovation. The first chapter is the background of the paper, mainly discusses the objective and subjective reasons of Zhang Yin-tang 's investigation. Objectively speaking, the situation of Tibet and the reasons why the Qing Dynasty appointed Han officials as ministers in Tibet were analyzed. Subjectively, it is pointed out that Zhang Yin-tong is familiar with Tibetan affairs, is good at new policies and has a long history of making foreign affairs, which is the personal reason why he was appointed to investigate and handle Tibetan affairs. The second chapter mainly examines the political and military measures of Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal in Tibet, and conducts research in several aspects, such as punishing corruption, advocating the reform of the official system, compiling and training new types of troops, and organizing the Tibetan police administration, and so on. It is pointed out that it is the core content of Zhang Yin-tang to take back the military and political power of the Qing Dynasty Central Committee in Tibet. The third chapter mainly examines the initiatives of Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal in the fields of economy, society, science, education, culture and health, as well as foreign negotiations, and points out that the implementation of these measures is conducive to Tibet's economic development, social progress, and the development of various undertakings, such as culture, education, health, etc. It has also played a pioneering role in many fields. The fourth chapter analyzes the reasons why Zhang Yin-tong was transferred from Tibet by the Qing government and the New deal was forced to drop out at the time of Tibet's great ambition, and put forward some different viewpoints. The fifth chapter is the summary of this paper, that is, the comprehensive analysis of Zhang Yin-tang 's Tibet New deal. In this paper, the achievements of Zhang Yin-tang in controlling Tibet are summarized, the great achievements of the New deal in Tibet are affirmed, the unsatisfactory points are pointed out, and the highly appraised views of later scholars on Zhang Yin-tang are listed. Finally, through comparative analysis, the author points out three unique characteristics of Zhang Yin-tang as minister of state in Tibet. Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal on Tibet was comprehensive and concrete, which opened the door of Tibet towards modernization and laid a good foundation for the future progress and development of Tibet.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K257

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 余長安;;論清朝中央對西藏地方的治理政策[J];中國藏學(xué);1992年03期

2 黃維忠;清季籌藏新政評述[J];中國藏學(xué);1995年01期

3 張羽新;駐藏大臣政治地位和職權(quán)的歷史考察[J];中國藏學(xué);1998年02期

4 曾國慶;;論駐藏大臣對治理西藏的影響[J];中國藏學(xué);2009年01期

5 祁美琴;趙陽;;關(guān)于清代藏史及駐藏大臣研究的幾點(diǎn)思考[J];中國藏學(xué);2009年02期

6 趙云田;清末西藏新政述論[J];近代史研究;2002年05期

7 曾國慶;論清季駐藏大臣張蔭棠[J];康定民族師范高等�？茖W(xué)校學(xué)報(bào);2005年05期

8 劉士嶺;;清末西藏新政失敗的主觀原因探析[J];蘭州學(xué)刊;2007年03期

9 秦永章;;試論十三世達(dá)賴?yán)飳Σ剀姷慕母颷J];民族研究;2007年05期

10 扎洛;;清末民族國家建設(shè)與張蔭棠西藏新政[J];民族研究;2011年03期

，

本文編號(hào)：2275186