【摘要】：清末民初,江蘇地方政治制度發(fā)展延續(xù)了晚清憲政改革的趨勢(shì),體現(xiàn)出較為明顯的轉(zhuǎn)型特點(diǎn)。一方面,成立議會(huì),創(chuàng)設(shè)司法體系,革新行政機(jī)構(gòu),推行地方自治為江蘇省地方政制現(xiàn)代化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。另一方面,議會(huì)精神渙散,司法難以獨(dú)立,行政機(jī)構(gòu)更迭頻繁,地方自治停滯不前,使江蘇地方政制發(fā)展面臨諸多窒礙,呈現(xiàn)出倒退的趨勢(shì)。而在這種進(jìn)退之間,近代江蘇政治現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程顯得尤為艱難。清政府諭令各省設(shè)立咨議局之后,議會(huì)政治開始在江蘇省得以初步踐行。成立之初,江蘇省咨議局便呈現(xiàn)出濃郁的政治民主化氣息,監(jiān)督督撫,表達(dá)公意,反映輿情,體現(xiàn)出議會(huì)民主精神向好的一面。民初之后,受軍閥政治、黨派主義的影響,議會(huì)民主精神漸歸淡薄,議員民主信仰缺失,多將議員視為一種身份與權(quán)力的象征,而非民意代表,其“公”的意識(shí)逐漸被“私”的觀念所排擠。議員轉(zhuǎn)而追求個(gè)體與派別利益,忽視民眾利益。在這種情況下,清末咨議局所勃發(fā)的民主精神不僅未能延續(xù),反而在現(xiàn)實(shí)的利益面前悄然隱退。江蘇省借助憲政改革的契機(jī),將司法從行政體系中分立出去,并將司法分為司法審判與司法行政,體現(xiàn)出司法獨(dú)立的趨勢(shì)。不過(guò),受傳統(tǒng)訴訟觀念影響,民眾對(duì)審檢廳的設(shè)立反應(yīng)冷淡,仍將縣衙視為重要的審判機(jī)構(gòu),新設(shè)審檢廳并未起到應(yīng)有的作用,這在一定程度上影響到司法現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展。民初,江蘇省司法體系一度延續(xù)清末司法改革態(tài)勢(shì),并貫穿于具體實(shí)踐中,突出表現(xiàn)為審檢廳的數(shù)量增多,管轄區(qū)域擴(kuò)大,司法獨(dú)立性進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。然而,在當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型劇烈,政治動(dòng)蕩影響下,江蘇司法又不可避免地表現(xiàn)出訴訟傳統(tǒng)化、法院行政化、法官官僚化等諸多問(wèn)題,反映出傳統(tǒng)司法制度向現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)型過(guò)程中所面臨的困境。在中央官制改革后,江蘇省從省、縣級(jí)兩個(gè)層面對(duì)原有的行政機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了變革,一方面,在省級(jí)層面增設(shè)了新的機(jī)構(gòu)和職官。如提學(xué)使司、提法使司、巡警道、勸業(yè)道、交涉使司等。另一方面,在縣級(jí)層面也成立了相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu),如設(shè)置巡警、成立勸學(xué)所、增設(shè)自治機(jī)構(gòu),這些新的行政機(jī)構(gòu)不僅突破了傳統(tǒng)行政制度的限度,而月.推動(dòng)了行政機(jī)構(gòu)職能的轉(zhuǎn)變。民初,江蘇省行政體系延續(xù)了清末時(shí)期的行政框架,表現(xiàn)為機(jī)構(gòu)細(xì)致化,職能專業(yè)化的特點(diǎn),行政體系朝著現(xiàn)代化方向發(fā)展。但當(dāng)時(shí)江蘇省行政體系發(fā)展始終缺乏穩(wěn)定的社會(huì)環(huán)境,從省級(jí)到縣級(jí)的行政機(jī)構(gòu)更迭頻繁,難以維持穩(wěn)定的行政體系,這對(duì)江蘇行政體系的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程形成較大的阻力。清末江蘇省地方自治的起步與發(fā)展在很大程度是依靠“官督紳辦”的手段來(lái)推動(dòng)。因此,地方自治的施行帶有濃厚的“官治”色彩。在此過(guò)程中,官紳借助“官治”推行“自治”,結(jié)果不可避免的同民眾產(chǎn)生沖突,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致清末江蘇省地方自治風(fēng)潮迭起,阻礙了地方自治的順利推行。民初之后,江蘇省地方自治承接清末地方自治,并向縣級(jí)層面延展。由于袁世凱廢除地方自治,使得地方自治陷于停滯不前的狀態(tài)。作為推動(dòng)地方自治主體的官紳希望將主導(dǎo)權(quán)掌握于自己手中,同中央展開激烈博弈,彰顯出江蘇省地方意識(shí)和法理觀念的增強(qiáng)。
[Abstract]:At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the development of the local political system in Jiangsu Province continued the trend of constitutional reform in the late Qing Dynasty, and embodied more obvious characteristics of transformation. After the Qing government ordered the provinces to set up consultative councils, parliamentary politics began to be practiced in Jiangsu Province. After the early Republic of China, influenced by warlordism and partisanism, the spirit of parliamentary democracy gradually faded away, and the democratic beliefs of parliamentarians were mostly regarded as a symbol of status and power. In this case, the democratic spirit of the Consultative Council in the late Qing Dynasty not only failed to continue, but quietly faded away in front of the real interests. Judiciary is separated from the administrative system and is divided into judicial trial and judicial administration, reflecting the trend of judicial independence. However, influenced by the traditional concept of litigation, the public's response to the establishment of the Trial and Procuratorial Office is cold, still regard the county Ya as an important judicial organ, the new Trial and Procuratorial Office has not played its due role, which to a certain extent affects. In the early years of the Republic of China, the judicial system of Jiangsu Province once continued the trend of judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty, and ran through the specific practice, highlighting the increase in the number of trial and procuratorial offices, the expansion of jurisdiction, and the further strengthening of judicial independence. After the reform of the central official system, Jiangsu Province has reformed the original administrative institutions at the provincial and county levels. On the one hand, new institutions and officials have been added at the provincial level. On the other hand, corresponding institutions have been set up at the county level, such as setting up patrolmen, setting up persuasion institutes and setting up autonomous institutions. These new administrative institutions not only broke the limits of the traditional administrative system, but also promoted the transformation of the functions of administrative institutions. The administrative system continued the administrative framework of the late Qing Dynasty, which was characterized by meticulous organization and professional function, and the administrative system was developing towards modernization. However, the administrative system of Jiangsu Province at that time lacked a stable social environment, and the administrative institutions from provincial to county level changed frequently, which made it difficult to maintain a stable administrative system. In the late Qing Dynasty, the local autonomy of Jiangsu Province was promoted by the means of "government supervising and gentry managing". Therefore, the implementation of local autonomy was characterized by "government ruling". In this process, the officials and gentry carried out "autonomy" by means of "government ruling", and the result was inevitable. After the beginning of the Republic of China, the local autonomy of Jiangsu Province inherited the local autonomy of the late Qing Dynasty and extended to the county level. The officials and gentry of the autonomous subject hope to hold the dominant power in their own hands and launch a fierce game with the central government, which shows the enhancement of local consciousness and legal concept in Jiangsu Province.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K25
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本文編號(hào)：2200988