晚清在英屬殖民地設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-20 12:44
【摘要】：領(lǐng)事館是近代發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物，并隨著國(guó)家之間的聯(lián)系日益的緊密而不斷發(fā)展。隨著現(xiàn)代交通工具的出現(xiàn)，國(guó)家之間的距離越來越小。國(guó)家之間和國(guó)際社會(huì)的經(jīng)貿(mào)往來日益頻繁，領(lǐng)事館的作用也是日益凸顯。中國(guó)最早在國(guó)外設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館是在清末。作為歷史上最后一個(gè)封建皇朝，一直施行“閉關(guān)鎖國(guó)”的海禁政策。為什么在這個(gè)時(shí)候，順應(yīng)歷史的潮流——在海外設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館。海禁政策瓦解和清政府對(duì)華僑態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。清初的時(shí)候，滿清貴族要面臨著嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì)，從維持國(guó)內(nèi)的統(tǒng)治出發(fā)，施行嚴(yán)厲“海禁”政策。后來因?yàn)轼f片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的失敗，被迫開放沿海各地通商口岸。隨后越來越多的國(guó)家在通商口岸設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館。隨著奴隸貿(mào)易的結(jié)束，殖民大國(guó)大規(guī)模在華招工，導(dǎo)致大量的華工出國(guó)。這樣，清初“海禁”政策自然就瓦解。大量華人（工）到達(dá)英屬殖民地——新加坡（馬來亞）、澳大利亞、加拿大、南非。然后分別論述清政府在這些英國(guó)殖民地設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館的前前后后的過程。普遍的步驟是殖民地金礦主在華招工，然后就是大量的華人出國(guó)。華工在當(dāng)?shù)毓ぷ饔质艿讲煌潭鹊呐按蛣兿�。最后清政府再三考慮，決定在當(dāng)?shù)卦O(shè)置領(lǐng)事館。最后，總體上評(píng)價(jià)清末設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館的作用。盡管當(dāng)時(shí)清政府已經(jīng)處于滅亡的邊沿，沒有什么精力和時(shí)間去管理和保護(hù)領(lǐng)事館和海外華僑。但是領(lǐng)事館畢竟是外交現(xiàn)代化一個(gè)標(biāo)志，這也證明了清政府已經(jīng)是意識(shí)到這個(gè)問題的所在。只不過確實(shí)沒有能力去做到，因此不能苛求一個(gè)內(nèi)憂外患的清政府還能做出更大的成績(jī)。同時(shí)清政府設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館的目的也是各不一樣。從世界諸多的慣例來看，設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館首先是保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)貎S胞和商業(yè)利益。當(dāng)時(shí)晚清政府也存在這方面的動(dòng)機(jī)。同時(shí)，晚清設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館還有政治原因。在清末，維新派和革命派接二連三地在國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)動(dòng)變法和革命。為了爭(zhēng)奪海外華僑的支持，也派了不少人到海外進(jìn)行招攬。清政府得知之后，也對(duì)海外華僑采取一系列的措施。在馬來西亞、新加坡和澳大利亞設(shè)置領(lǐng)事館主要是出于經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治兩方面的原因。在南非和加拿大主要是傾向維護(hù)“大國(guó)”的體面，，防止出現(xiàn)類似于美國(guó)和秘魯虐待華工事件的出現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:Consulate is the product of modern development, and with the increasingly close ties between countries and continue to develop. With the emergence of modern means of transportation, the distance between countries is becoming smaller and smaller. Economic and trade exchanges between countries and the international community are increasingly frequent, and the role of consulates is becoming increasingly prominent. China first set up consulates abroad in the late Qing Dynasty. As the last feudal imperial dynasty in history, the policy of "closing the door to the outside world" has been implemented all the time. Why, at this time, follow the tide of history-setting up consulates overseas. The disintegration of the sea ban policy and the change of the Qing government's attitude towards overseas Chinese. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Manchu aristocrats were faced with a severe situation. Later, because of the defeat of the Opium War, it was forced to open ports of trade around the coast. Then more and more countries set up consulates at trade ports. With the end of the slave trade, colonial powers hired workers in China on a large scale, leading to a large number of Chinese workers going abroad. In this way, the early Qing Dynasty, the "sea ban" policy will naturally collapse. Large numbers of Chinese arrive in British colonies-Singapore (Malaya), Australia, Canada, South Africa. Then the Qing government set up consulates in these British colonies before and after the process. The common step was for colonial gold miners to recruit workers in China, followed by large numbers of Chinese going abroad. At the same time, Chinese workers were abused and exploited in different degrees. Finally, the Qing government thought twice and decided to set up a consulate in the area. Finally, the role of setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty was evaluated in general. Although the Qing government was on the brink of extinction, it had little energy and time to manage and protect consulates and overseas Chinese. But the consulate is a symbol of diplomatic modernization, which proves that the Qing government is aware of the problem. It's just that there is no capacity to do it, so we can't expect an internal and external government to do more. At the same time, the Qing government set up consulates for different purposes. According to many world conventions, consulates are set up to protect local overseas Chinese and business interests. At that time, the late Qing government also had this motive. At the same time, there were political reasons for setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, the reformists and revolutionaries launched reforms and revolutions one after another in the country. In order to compete for the support of overseas Chinese, also sent a lot of people overseas to recruit. After the Qing government learned about it, it also took a series of measures against overseas Chinese. Consulates in Malaysia, Singapore and Australia are mainly for economic and political reasons. In South Africa and Canada there is a tendency to preserve the dignity of "big countries" and prevent incidents of abuse of Chinese workers similar to those in the United States and Peru.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：暨南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K252
本文編號(hào)：2193646
[Abstract]:Consulate is the product of modern development, and with the increasingly close ties between countries and continue to develop. With the emergence of modern means of transportation, the distance between countries is becoming smaller and smaller. Economic and trade exchanges between countries and the international community are increasingly frequent, and the role of consulates is becoming increasingly prominent. China first set up consulates abroad in the late Qing Dynasty. As the last feudal imperial dynasty in history, the policy of "closing the door to the outside world" has been implemented all the time. Why, at this time, follow the tide of history-setting up consulates overseas. The disintegration of the sea ban policy and the change of the Qing government's attitude towards overseas Chinese. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Manchu aristocrats were faced with a severe situation. Later, because of the defeat of the Opium War, it was forced to open ports of trade around the coast. Then more and more countries set up consulates at trade ports. With the end of the slave trade, colonial powers hired workers in China on a large scale, leading to a large number of Chinese workers going abroad. In this way, the early Qing Dynasty, the "sea ban" policy will naturally collapse. Large numbers of Chinese arrive in British colonies-Singapore (Malaya), Australia, Canada, South Africa. Then the Qing government set up consulates in these British colonies before and after the process. The common step was for colonial gold miners to recruit workers in China, followed by large numbers of Chinese going abroad. At the same time, Chinese workers were abused and exploited in different degrees. Finally, the Qing government thought twice and decided to set up a consulate in the area. Finally, the role of setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty was evaluated in general. Although the Qing government was on the brink of extinction, it had little energy and time to manage and protect consulates and overseas Chinese. But the consulate is a symbol of diplomatic modernization, which proves that the Qing government is aware of the problem. It's just that there is no capacity to do it, so we can't expect an internal and external government to do more. At the same time, the Qing government set up consulates for different purposes. According to many world conventions, consulates are set up to protect local overseas Chinese and business interests. At that time, the late Qing government also had this motive. At the same time, there were political reasons for setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, the reformists and revolutionaries launched reforms and revolutions one after another in the country. In order to compete for the support of overseas Chinese, also sent a lot of people overseas to recruit. After the Qing government learned about it, it also took a series of measures against overseas Chinese. Consulates in Malaysia, Singapore and Australia are mainly for economic and political reasons. In South Africa and Canada there is a tendency to preserve the dignity of "big countries" and prevent incidents of abuse of Chinese workers similar to those in the United States and Peru.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：暨南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K252
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 彭家禮;;清末英國(guó)為南非金礦招募華工始末[J];歷史研究;1983年03期
本文編號(hào)：2193646
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