【摘要】：自國門被打開后,隨著清王朝的式微和崩潰,中華民族“向何處去”成了先進知識分子思考中國問題的重心。與此相伴隨的是,當國人睜眼看世界、尤其是戊戌變法失敗后大規(guī)模走出國門的時候,無論是是改良派的康有為、梁啟超,還是革命派的孫中山等人,他們看到了西方發(fā)達國家也并不是原先所想象的那樣完美,即歐美發(fā)達國家的資本主義體系已是百病叢出、病魔纏身,尤其是資本和勞動的對立使得工人運動此起彼伏,社會革命似指日可待。從世界潮流發(fā)展的大趨勢下,中國先進知識分子在思考自己民族命運和前途的時候,大都選擇了社會主義的前進方向,盡管對社會主義的理解并不一致。從此,社會主義成了國人的主導用語,以致在近代中國思想界的領軍人物中,提倡或擁護社會主義的大有人在,公開反對社會主義的則很難找到。 本論文的名稱表明,筆者所著力探討的,是民主革命時期中國為什么選擇了社會主義發(fā)展方向這一“老話題”。對此,無論是中共黨史研究、中國革命史研究抑或中國近現(xiàn)代思想史的研究中,學者們都已取得了非常豐富的研究成果,有的甚至可以說已是汗牛充棟。本文以《東方雜志》為研究對象,著力探討二十世紀上半葉即民主革命時期,圍繞在《東方雜志》周圍的知識分子群體對社會主義有關文本的譯介和解讀以及對蘇聯(lián)社會主義建設實踐的認知,等等。首先,創(chuàng)刊于1904年終刊于1948年的《東方雜志》,從時間階段上看,恰好經(jīng)歷了課題所選擇的時間階段,這為研究提供了翔實的材料：其次,時至今日,學界對《東方雜志》豐富的思想資源尤其是關涉社會主義思想方面的材料發(fā)掘與文本解讀,與其當時顯赫的社會影響相較,尚屬薄弱,仍是一塊有待從整體上進行開墾的處女地；最后,圍繞在《東方雜志》周圍的那些一直保持著自己獨特的立場和思想文化品格的知識分子,對社會主義及蘇聯(lián)社會主義實踐同樣有著自己的認知和解讀。所以,這筆豐富的文化資源遺產(chǎn)值得我們好好發(fā)掘和珍惜。因而,全面把握和理解社會主義在中國傳入、傳播、發(fā)展、演變的歷史進程以及中國知識分子接受社會主義的思想軌跡,《東方雜志》是繞不開的。 探求中國社會發(fā)展和民族自身解放之路,是圍繞在《東方雜志》周圍的知識分子的出發(fā)點和內驅力。因此,中國必須要走社會主義道路,這是《東方雜志》上的主導聲音,也是那個時代的共識。但對中國要什么樣的社會主義以及如何建設社會主義的理解上并不完全一致,這尤體現(xiàn)在不同學者在《東方雜志》上所展開的學理討論和爭鳴。這一點恰恰凸顯了社會主義思潮在中國近現(xiàn)代思想史上的重要性。因而,學者們在《東方雜志》上對不同流派社會主義的介紹和評析,自然是本論文關注的重點之一,它構成了論文上篇部分即理論部分——關于社會主義的流派與理論；不唯此,學者們在《東方雜志》上對國統(tǒng)區(qū)民生主義兩大綱領——平均地權和節(jié)制資本——實踐和學理的評析、對十月革命后蘇俄所陸續(xù)改行經(jīng)濟政策的一波三折的原因及其成效尤其是對蘇聯(lián)社會主義計劃經(jīng)濟模式利與弊的不同解讀和爭論,更是我們今天要好好珍惜的一份寶貴的思想資源�？梢哉f,它對于理解鄧小平所開創(chuàng)的中國特色社會主義道路提供了歷史主義的理解,對繼續(xù)堅定不移地走好這條道路提供了豐富的思想文化資源支撐。這是論文下篇所要探討的主要內容——對社會主義實踐的反思。全文由六章構成： 第一章介紹《東方雜志》上有關學者對馬克思學派社會主義學說的基本理論諸如唯物史觀、剩余價值學說、階級斗爭學說、無產(chǎn)階級專政學說以及對資本主義發(fā)展趨勢的把握等的解讀。對這些問題進行系統(tǒng)梳理和評析,為我們提供了馬克思主義在中國傳播的另一番圖景。如此,才有可能全景式的把握馬克思主義在中國傳播的過程。不唯此,對此進行系統(tǒng)梳理和評析,也便于從歷史過程中汲取經(jīng)驗教訓,更好地為時下中國社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設提供理論保證。 第二章通過梳理學者們在《東方雜志》上對基爾特社會主義的有關譯介的文本,介紹了他們對基爾特社會主義的評析,進而素描了他們了對發(fā)生在中國的“社會主義討論”的見解。基爾特社會主義是在20世紀20年代左右開始傳入中國的,并在五四新文化運動期間引起了較大的反響。雖然基爾特社會主義在中國社會主義思想史上只是曇花一現(xiàn),很快就讓位于科學社會主義,但是學者們對基爾特社會主義的基本原理諸如自治理論、職能原理的介紹和評析,對國民的啟蒙意義是不能抹殺的,它暗合了當時民主共和的理論訴求。即使在今天,它對中國特色社會主義政治體制改革也會提供某些理論借鑒。 第三章圍繞著中國無政府主義者對社會主義的譯介及界說而展開,重點探討了無政府主義集大成者師復對孫中山民生主義的詰難以及《東方雜志》上有關對無政府主義的闡釋。無政府主義是20世紀初與改良派的社會主義、革命派的社會主義三足鼎立的中國社會主義流派之一。如果說改良派的社會主義是不要社會革命的社會主義、革命派的社會主義是避免社會革命的社會主義,那么,中國早期的無政府主義者在一些資產(chǎn)階級政治家還迷戀資產(chǎn)階級共和國方案,反動軍閥企圖利用代議制來裝扮門面的時候,卻提出了反對剝削制度、反對生產(chǎn)資料私有制、徹底否定資本主義制度等等,這在中國社會主義思想史上就具有重要的意義。可以說,在馬克思主義大規(guī)模傳入以前,他們是社會主義甚至科學社會主義在中國的領軍人物。這突出表現(xiàn)在以師復為代表的無政府主義者對孫中山民生主義所展開的詰難,此為中國社會主義思想史上首發(fā)的關于社會主義的嚴謹?shù)膶W理討論。 第四章詳細考察了《東方雜志》上有關對孫中山民生主義兩大綱領即平均地權和節(jié)制資本的解讀,以及對南京國民政府施政方針的評析。民生主義當然不是科學社會主義,并糅雜“主觀社會主義”因素。孫中山是一位堅決反對在中國實行科學社會主義的中國早期社會主義宣傳家和啟蒙者。在孫中山心目中的天平上,資本主義一邊的砝碼遠遠重于社會主義一邊,他側重于對資本主義的救弊,而不屑于對社會主義的構建。作為一個務實的革命家,他把社會主義多作為一種技術工具,而不是側重從學理上進行研究。因而,他不可能如同馬克思那樣從生產(chǎn)力與生產(chǎn)關系的矛盾運動上來推導社會主義,也沒有從資本私人占有和生產(chǎn)社會化的這一資本主義的基本矛盾上來觀察資本主義的歷史命運。因而,也就不可能在他的思想中存在一個生產(chǎn)資料完全歸社會占有的單一的所有制模式,而只是希望用公有來矯正私有的某些弊端而已。從這個意義上講,有限公有基礎上的增量公有是孫中山社會主義思想的核心,但它不會越過一個范圍。換言之,孫中山的社會主義思想,是在特定歷史條件下,作為思想家的理想主義與革命家的務實主義相結合的一個產(chǎn)物,是社會主義的價值訴求性與中國社會實際相結合而產(chǎn)生的一種中國式的社會主義思想流派。但是,孫中山民生主義的國利民思想即財富必須歸全體社會成員所有而不能由少數(shù)人去吞占的主旨,仍給今天的我們以啟迪,盡管不可能按照他的具體方案去做。 第五章和第六章分別探討了《東方雜志》有關對十月革命、戰(zhàn)時共產(chǎn)主義、新經(jīng)濟政策以及圍繞著蘇聯(lián)所實施的五年計劃而引發(fā)的關于計劃經(jīng)濟的討論。前一章著重考察了《東方雜志》有關對蘇俄從“十月革命”到改行新經(jīng)濟政策這段歷史的認知,重點探討了對列寧新經(jīng)濟政策實施原因、內容、實質的解讀以及對我國的影響。首先,論文指出,對十月革命之社會主義性質的把握上,以《東方雜志》為冠。其次,重點探討了學者們對列寧的社會主義觀的理解和把握,這主要表現(xiàn)在他們始終把新經(jīng)濟政策詮釋在列寧所界定的“迂回過渡”的范疇之內,從而提出了新經(jīng)濟政策只是“手段之手段”的觀點。后一章則主要是梳理了《東方雜志》上有關對一戰(zhàn)后資本主義經(jīng)濟發(fā)展趨勢的素描,重點探討對蘇聯(lián)社會主義計劃經(jīng)濟的研討,并簡要介紹了《東方雜志》上有關學者對哈耶克《通往奴役之路》一書所持觀點的評價。 誠如毛澤東所言,今天的中國是歷史的中國的一個發(fā)展。所以,本文雖是著重探討民主革命時期社會主義在中國的圖景,但對理解時下中國何以走上獨特的社會主義建設之路和繼續(xù)走好這條道路,尤有啟發(fā)意義。因為,當經(jīng)典社會主義的某些觀念,譬如計劃經(jīng)濟、單一公有制等開始退出歷史后臺時,才開始具有了相對完整的研究對象和獨立的學術研究價值。從這個意義上說,它們才剛剛出現(xiàn)在理論研究的前臺而成為顯學。從理論來源上看,鄧小平開創(chuàng)的中國特色社會主義是二十世紀中國政治思想發(fā)展的邏輯結果,其中孫中山的民生主義、毛澤東的新民主主義都為其提供了思想來源；乃至列寧的新經(jīng)濟政策,也可以看作是鄧小平開創(chuàng)的中國特色社會主義理論的“原點”。因而,《東方雜志》上有關對列寧新經(jīng)濟政策、孫中山民生主義的解讀,對理解中國特色社會主義就有巨大的理論借鑒意義。從實踐上看,三十余年來的中國市場取向改革,最終確立了社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的目標,這不僅是對傳統(tǒng)社會主義建設模式的根本轉換,在可預見的將來,恐怕也是對經(jīng)典社會主義做出的最大的發(fā)展,而這又是以批判社會主義計劃經(jīng)濟模式為起點的。對此,《東方雜志》上有關對蘇聯(lián)五年計劃以及社會主義計劃經(jīng)濟利弊得失的討論,同樣也是一筆豐富的思想資源和精神財富,值得我們好好發(fā)掘和珍惜。比如,他們看到了社會主義有集中力量辦大事的優(yōu)點,從而認可了蘇聯(lián)計劃經(jīng)濟模式對迅速增強國家實力所發(fā)揮的巨大作用,這是適應了抗戰(zhàn)救國的時代訴求；但他們并不贊成單一的計劃經(jīng)濟模式而是提出了“計劃的自由主義”的設想。換言之,建立一種公有制為主體、包括私營和外資經(jīng)濟在內的多種經(jīng)濟成分并存的經(jīng)濟體制或者說是側重于國家宏觀調控的市場經(jīng)濟更是東方學人所追求的理想社會經(jīng)濟模式。這也表明鄧小平確立的經(jīng)濟體制改革方向在中國有著深厚的國情歷史土壤。當然,他們對中國發(fā)展方向的這種預測決不能與鄧小平相比,因為后者觀察和分析中國國情所用的是馬克思的科學世界觀和方法論。 因此,對《東方雜志》上所涉及的有關社會主義的文本進行深入發(fā)掘和批判研究,在筆者看來,正是我們今天所更要好好繼承的一筆豐富的思想文化資源遺產(chǎn),因為思想的發(fā)展和超越是以反思、批判和借鑒前人思想為前提條件的。因而,通過對《東方雜志》曾發(fā)表過的有關社會主義和左翼文獻的發(fā)掘,探索社會主義在近代中國的傳播及對社會主義實踐——主要指蘇聯(lián)的社會主義計劃經(jīng)濟模式——的反思,就具有重大的學術價值和實際意義。 本論文以文本梳理為重點,兼采用比較研究法。這是因為,一是對《東方雜志》有關社會主義思想的文本的發(fā)掘和梳理,還是一個有待填補的空白；二是論文所要探討的問題,大都是“老話重提”。所以,論文主要是把東方學人置于當時的歷史背景下,與同時期的早期馬克思主義者、東方學人不同的個體之間關于同一對象或爭議的焦點的不同解讀,做比較研究,以探求其中的同中之異和異中之同,找出產(chǎn)生不同見解的原因以及對于今天的借鑒意義,等等。再次就是具體問題具體分析,只有把問題放在當時的歷史大背景下,就事論事,、既不苛求前人,也不宜以現(xiàn)在的認識來武斷地否定前人。但這并不簡單排斥以現(xiàn)在對社會主義的認識高度,來評析《東方雜志》上的有關社會主義思想。
[Abstract]:After the opening of the national gate, with the decline and collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese nation "where to go" has become the center of gravity for the advanced intellectuals to think about China, and the accompanying is that when the people of the country open their eyes to the world, especially when the reform movement of 1898 fails, it is the reformist Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, or leather. Sun Zhongshan and others of the destiny school have seen that the western developed countries are not as perfect as originally imagined. That is, the capitalist system of developed countries in Europe and the United States has been a disease of all kinds. Under the situation, most Chinese advanced intellectuals, when thinking about their own destiny and future, mostly chose the direction of socialism, although the understanding of socialism is not consistent. From then on, socialism became the dominant language of the Chinese people, so that among the leaders of the modern Chinese ideological circles, the great people who advocated or supported socialism. In the case of public opposition to socialism it is difficult to find it.
The name of this paper shows that the author's focus is on why China chose the "old topic" of the direction of socialist development during the period of democratic revolution. In this article, this article, taking the Orient magazine as the research object, focuses on the translation and interpretation of the relevant socialist texts around the eastern magazine in the first half of the twentieth Century, the period of the democratic revolution, and the understanding of the socialist construction practice of the Soviet Union, and so on. First, it was created in 1904. From the time stage, the 1948 year-end magazine, orient magazine, just experienced the time stage chosen by the subject, which provided full and accurate materials for the study. Secondly, to this day, the academic circles to the "Orient magazine >" rich ideological resources, especially the material exploration and text interpretation of the socialist ideology, are so prominent at the time. The social influence is relatively weak, and it is still a virgin land to be reclaimed as a whole; finally, the intellectuals who have maintained their own unique position and ideological and cultural character around the Orient magazine have their own cognition and interpretation of socialism and the socialist practice of the Soviet Union. The rich heritage of cultural resources is worth exploring and cherishing. Therefore, it is impossible for us to grasp and understand the historical process of socialism in China, the historical process of spread, development, evolution and the ideological path of Chinese intellectuals to accept socialism.
It is the starting point and internal drive of the intellectuals around the Orient magazine. Therefore, China must take the socialist road, which is the dominant voice in the Orient magazine and the consensus of the times. But what kind of socialism and how to build society for China? The understanding of the doctrine is not entirely consistent, which is especially reflected in the academic discussion and contention between the different scholars in the Orient magazine. This highlights the importance of the socialist trend of thought in the history of modern Chinese thought. Therefore, the scholars' introduction and analysis of different schools of socialism in the Orient magazine are naturally the original. One of the key points of concern in this paper, which constitutes the first part of the thesis, the theoretical part of socialism, is a part of the school and theory of socialism. Not only this, the scholars' comments on the two major programs of the people's livelihood doctrine in the Orient Magazine - the practice and the theoretical analysis of the nationalism of the nationalism of the Kuomintang - the reform of Soviet Russia after the October revolution The reasons for the twists and turns of the economic policy and its effectiveness, especially the different interpretation and debate on the advantages and disadvantages of the Soviet socialist planned economic model, are a valuable ideological resource we should cherish today. It can be said that it provides a historical understanding of the understanding of the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics created by Deng Xiaoping. It provides a rich support for ideological and cultural resources for the continued unswerving of this road. This is the main content to be discussed at the end of the paper - the reflection on the practice of socialism. The full text is composed of six chapters:
The first chapter introduces the interpretation of the basic theories of the Marx school's theory of socialism, such as the historical materialism, the theory of surplus value, the theory of class struggle, the theory of proletariat dictatorship, and the grasp of the trend of the development of capitalism, which provide us with Mark. In this way, it is possible to grasp the process of spreading Marx's doctrine in China in a panoramic view. This is not only the way to systematically comb and comment on it, but also to draw lessons from the historical process, and to provide a better theoretical guarantee for the modernization of China's socialist modernization.
The second chapter introduces their comments on Kilt socialism by combing the relevant translation texts of kirt socialism in the Orient magazine, and then sketches their views on the "socialist discussion" in China, which began in China around 1920s. There was a great repercussion during the 54 new cultural movement. Although kirt socialism was just a flash in the pan in the history of Chinese socialist ideology, it was quickly placed in scientific socialism, but scholars introduced and evaluated the basic principles of kirt socialism, such as the theory of autonomy, the principle of function, and the Enlightenment to the people. It can not be obliterated. It coincides with the theoretical appeal of the Democratic Republic at that time. Even today, it will provide some theoretical reference for the reform of the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics.
The third chapter focuses on the Chinese Anarchist's translation and definition of socialism. It focuses on the interrogation of the anarchist master to Sun Zhongshan's livelihood doctrine and the interpretation of anarchism in the Orient magazine. Anarchism is the socialist and revolutionary society of the reformists in the early twentieth Century. If it is said that the reformist socialism is not the socialist revolution, the revolutionary socialism is the socialism to avoid the social revolution, then the early anarchists in China are also infatuated with the bourgeois Republican scheme and the reactionary army in some bourgeois statesmen. When the valve tried to use the representative system to disguise the facade, it put forward the anti exploitation system, the opposition to the private ownership of the production data, the complete negation of the capitalist system and so on. It was of great significance in the history of Chinese socialist ideology. It can be said that before the large-scale introduction of Marx doctrine, they were socialist even the scientific social owners. The leading figures of righteousness in China are highlighted by the interrogation of the anarchists, represented by the teacher's rehabilitation, on Sun Zhongshan's livelihood doctrine, which is a rigorous academic discussion on socialism which is the first start in the history of Chinese socialist ideology.
The fourth chapter examines in detail the interpretation of the two programs of Sun Zhongshan's livelihood doctrine, namely, the average land rights and the controlled capital, and the analysis of the policy of the government of the Nanjing national government. The people's livelihood is certainly not a scientific socialism, and a mixture of "subjective socialism". Sun Zhongshan is a resolute objection to the reality of China The early socialist propagandists and initiator of the scientific socialism in China. In the balance of Sun Zhongshan's mind, the weight of the capitalist side is far more than the socialist side. He focuses on the pros and cons of capitalism and disdains the construction of socialism. As a pragmatic revolutionist, he takes socialism as a lot. Therefore, he can not derive socialism from the contradictory movement of productive forces and production relations like Marx, nor does he observe the historical fate of capitalism from the basic contradiction of capitalist private possession and production of socialized capitalism. It is impossible to exist in his thought a single mode of ownership that the production data is completely owned by the society, but only to correct some of the drawbacks of private ownership by public ownership. In this sense, the incremental public ownership based on the limited public is the core of Sun Zhongshan's socialist thought, but it will not cross a scope. Sun Zhongshan's socialist thought is a product of the combination of idealist idealism and pragmatism of the revolutionist under specific historical conditions. It is a Chinese style of social ideology which is produced by the combination of the value appeal of socialism and the reality of Chinese society. However, the country of the people's livelihood of Sun Zhongshan is the country of the people's livelihood. The idea of wealth, that wealth must be owned by all members of the society and not to be absorbed by a small number of people, still enlightens us today, although it is impossible to do it according to his specific scheme.
The fifth and sixth chapters discuss the discussion about the planned economy on the October revolution, the wartime communism, the new economic policy and the five year plan carried out by the Soviet Union. The first chapter focuses on the review of the calendar of the "Oriental Magazine" from "the October revolution" to the reform of the new economic policy. The cognition of history focuses on the reasons for the implementation of Lenin's new economic policy, the content, the interpretation of the essence and the influence on our country. First, the thesis points out that "the Oriental Magazine" is the crown for the socialist nature of the October revolution. Secondly, it focuses on the understanding and grasp of Lenin's view of socialism. This is the main manifestation. They have always interpreted the new economic policy within the category of "circuitous transition" defined by Lenin, thus putting forward the view that the new economic policy is only a means of means. The latter chapter mainly combs the sketch of the Orient magazine on the trend of the development of capitalist economy after the first World War, and focuses on the socialism of Soviet socialism. The study of the planned economy and a brief introduction to the views of the scholars in orient magazine on Hayek's view of the road to enslavement.
As Mao Zedong said, today's China is a historical development of China. Therefore, although this article focuses on the view of socialism in China during the period of democratic revolution, it is particularly enlightening to understand why China is going on a unique road to socialist construction and to continue to go on the road. Some ideas, such as planned economy and single public ownership, begin to have relatively complete research objects and independent academic research value when they begin to withdraw from the background of history. In this sense, they have just appeared on the front desk of theoretical research and become a prominent school. From the source of theory, Deng Xiaoping pioneered the social owners of Chinese characteristics. Meaning is the logical result of the development of Chinese political thought in twentieth Century, in which Sun Zhongshan's livelihood doctrine and Mao Zedong's new democracy provide the source of thought; and even Lenin's new economic policy can be regarded as the "origin" of Deng Xiaoping's theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The new economic policy and the interpretation of Sun Zhongshan's livelihood doctrine have great theoretical significance for understanding the socialism with Chinese characteristics. In practice, the reform of China's market orientation for more than thirty years has finally established the goal of the socialist market economic system. This is not only a fundamental transformation of the traditional socialist construction model, but also a fundamental transformation of the traditional socialist construction model. The foreseeable future is probably the greatest development of classical socialism, which is based on criticizing the socialist planned economy mode.
【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K258

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