李鴻章與晚清條約研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-28 15:45
【摘要】：自鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后,近代中國在國際關系中出現(xiàn)了一種新的交往模式,即條約關系。在列強的武力脅迫之下,中國被迫訂立了一系列不平等條約。而李鴻章自1870年出任直隸總督掌管晚清外交以來,中外重大條約交涉幾乎都與他有關。在眾多的條約交涉活動中,李鴻章形成了比較系統(tǒng)的條約思想。 文章分緒論、正文、結語三部分。 緒論部分主要介紹了選題的緣起,學術史回顧,并在現(xiàn)有研究基礎上構建了本文的結構、指出了本文的創(chuàng)新與不足,并對所涉及的核心概念進行了界定。 正文部分共七章。第一章考察了李鴻章條約活動的思想基因,其中華夷秩序到條約體系的轉變是李鴻章條約交涉的時代背景,而傳統(tǒng)文化的浸潤與近代外交觀念的汲取是其條約思想形成的思想因子。傳統(tǒng)文化的積淀給予了李鴻章息事懷柔、誠信待人的條約策略合理內核,近代外交理念則為李鴻章條約交涉中實施以理為據(jù)提供了斗爭手段。兩種外交理念的交織不可避免會使李鴻章條約交涉行為及思想打上新舊雜糅的印記。第二章主要探討了李鴻章對條約關系認同的四個階段,即19世紀60年代以前的金帛議和,羈縻懷柔；19世紀70年代的羈縻勿絕,恪守條約；19世紀80年代的援例訂約,追求平等；19世紀90年代及以后的放棄宗藩,謹守約章。四個階段體現(xiàn)了李鴻章從傳統(tǒng)訂約思想到條約公法思想的轉變。第三章、第四章則對李鴻章在晚清的主要訂約類型進行了系統(tǒng)的梳理與考察。第五章探討了李鴻章以“誠信”為前提、以“力保和局”為目的、以增強國民守約意識為舉措的“謹守約章”思想。這一條約思想,深刻體現(xiàn)了李鴻章與清政府對條約體系在近代國際交往中不可抗逆性的接受與調適。第六章主要通過1867年李鴻章所上《籌議修約事宜折》,闡述了李鴻章以自強為基礎的修約觀。并對李鴻章因國而異的修約原則,徐圖緩之的修約方法以及成效甚微的修約實踐進行了一定程度的闡釋。第七章主要涉及復雜局勢下李鴻章條約交涉的方略,如以理為據(jù)、惟力是視、區(qū)別對待、以夷制夷、情感溝通。 結語部分則結合歷史人物評價標準,李鴻章在晚清條約交涉中的地位以及對晚清外交轉型的推動等方面對李鴻章的評價進行了再思考,得出了李鴻章條約交涉屈辱是其對條約、公法的過分依賴,對列強本質認識不清的結果,更是時代的局限、國力的孱弱、體制窒礙的結果。
[Abstract]:Since the Opium War, a new mode of communication has emerged in modern China's international relations, namely treaty relations. Under the coercion of the powers, China was forced to conclude a series of unequal treaties. Since Li Hongzhang became governor of Zhili in 1870 in charge of late Qing diplomacy, most of the major treaty negotiations between China and foreign countries were related to him. In many treaty negotiation activities, Li Hongzhang formed a relatively systematic treaty idea. The article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the review of academic history, and on the basis of existing research, constructs the structure of this paper, points out the innovation and shortcomings of this paper, and defines the core concepts involved. There are seven chapters in the text. The first chapter examines the ideological genes of the Li Hongzhang treaty activities. The transformation from the Chinese barbarian order to the treaty system is the background of the Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation. The infiltration of traditional culture and the absorption of modern diplomatic ideas are the ideological factors of the formation of his treaty thought. The accumulation of traditional culture gives Li Hongzhang the reasonable core of the treaty strategy of treating people in good faith, while the modern diplomatic concept provides a means of struggle for the implementation of reason in the negotiation of Li Hongzhang treaties. The interweaving of the two diplomatic concepts will inevitably make the negotiation behavior and thought of Li Hongzhang treaty a mixture of old and new. The second chapter mainly discusses the four stages of Li Hongzhang's recognition of treaty relations, that is, the gold and silk negotiation before the 1860s, the Jimi Huairou, the Jimi in the 1870s, and the agreement between the treaty and the aid contract in the 1880s. The pursuit of equality was the abandonment of the Suzerain in the 1890s and beyond, and the observance of the Charter. The four stages reflect the transformation of Li Hongzhang from traditional contracting to treaty public law. Chapter three, Chapter four systematically combs and inspects the main contracting types of Li Hongzhang in late Qing Dynasty. The fifth chapter discusses the idea of "keeping the covenant", which is based on the premise of "good faith", the purpose of "keeping peace" and the action of strengthening the national consciousness of keeping the covenant. This treaty thought deeply embodies the acceptance and adjustment of Li Hongzhang and Qing government to the irreversibility of the treaty system in modern international communication. The sixth chapter expounds Li Hongzhang's view of treaty revision based on self-strengthening by Li Hongzhang in 1867. It also explains the different principles of Li Hongzhang, Xu Tuzhi's method and the practice of treaty revision with little effect. The seventh chapter mainly deals with the general plan of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation under complex situation, such as taking reason as the basis, giving full attention to it, treating it differently, leveling barbarians and communicating with emotion. The conclusion part combines with the evaluation standard of historical figures, the position of Li Hongzhang in the treaty negotiation of the late Qing Dynasty and the promotion of diplomatic transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The conclusion is that the humiliation of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation is its treaty. The over-dependence of public law and the result of unclear understanding of the nature of the powers are the result of the limitation of the times, the weakness of national strength and the hindrance of the system.
【學位授予單位】：湖南師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K252
本文編號：2150764
[Abstract]:Since the Opium War, a new mode of communication has emerged in modern China's international relations, namely treaty relations. Under the coercion of the powers, China was forced to conclude a series of unequal treaties. Since Li Hongzhang became governor of Zhili in 1870 in charge of late Qing diplomacy, most of the major treaty negotiations between China and foreign countries were related to him. In many treaty negotiation activities, Li Hongzhang formed a relatively systematic treaty idea. The article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the review of academic history, and on the basis of existing research, constructs the structure of this paper, points out the innovation and shortcomings of this paper, and defines the core concepts involved. There are seven chapters in the text. The first chapter examines the ideological genes of the Li Hongzhang treaty activities. The transformation from the Chinese barbarian order to the treaty system is the background of the Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation. The infiltration of traditional culture and the absorption of modern diplomatic ideas are the ideological factors of the formation of his treaty thought. The accumulation of traditional culture gives Li Hongzhang the reasonable core of the treaty strategy of treating people in good faith, while the modern diplomatic concept provides a means of struggle for the implementation of reason in the negotiation of Li Hongzhang treaties. The interweaving of the two diplomatic concepts will inevitably make the negotiation behavior and thought of Li Hongzhang treaty a mixture of old and new. The second chapter mainly discusses the four stages of Li Hongzhang's recognition of treaty relations, that is, the gold and silk negotiation before the 1860s, the Jimi Huairou, the Jimi in the 1870s, and the agreement between the treaty and the aid contract in the 1880s. The pursuit of equality was the abandonment of the Suzerain in the 1890s and beyond, and the observance of the Charter. The four stages reflect the transformation of Li Hongzhang from traditional contracting to treaty public law. Chapter three, Chapter four systematically combs and inspects the main contracting types of Li Hongzhang in late Qing Dynasty. The fifth chapter discusses the idea of "keeping the covenant", which is based on the premise of "good faith", the purpose of "keeping peace" and the action of strengthening the national consciousness of keeping the covenant. This treaty thought deeply embodies the acceptance and adjustment of Li Hongzhang and Qing government to the irreversibility of the treaty system in modern international communication. The sixth chapter expounds Li Hongzhang's view of treaty revision based on self-strengthening by Li Hongzhang in 1867. It also explains the different principles of Li Hongzhang, Xu Tuzhi's method and the practice of treaty revision with little effect. The seventh chapter mainly deals with the general plan of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation under complex situation, such as taking reason as the basis, giving full attention to it, treating it differently, leveling barbarians and communicating with emotion. The conclusion part combines with the evaluation standard of historical figures, the position of Li Hongzhang in the treaty negotiation of the late Qing Dynasty and the promotion of diplomatic transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The conclusion is that the humiliation of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation is its treaty. The over-dependence of public law and the result of unclear understanding of the nature of the powers are the result of the limitation of the times, the weakness of national strength and the hindrance of the system.
【學位授予單位】：湖南師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K252
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