發(fā)布時間：2018-06-09 02:46

  本文選題：北京政府 + 袁世凱�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：近代以來,伴隨著國內(nèi)外局勢的緊張,湘、淮軍的崛起,清末新軍的編練,地方督撫權(quán)力大為增加,中央集權(quán)開始削弱,打破了清初以來形成的地方文武牽制、權(quán)利均衡的軍政體制。武昌起義后,各省獨(dú)自為政,地方上武人干政、軍政不分。面對此種局面,南京臨時政府無力處理,直到袁世凱主政北京政府,采取措施來解決這一問題。1914年6月30日,袁世凱撤銷地方都督名號,改都督為將軍,在北京設(shè)立將軍府,隸屬于大總統(tǒng),由督理各省軍務(wù)將軍和在京任職將軍兩部分組成。督理各省軍務(wù)的將軍,在駐地建立將軍行署,其軍政事務(wù)受大總統(tǒng)、陸軍部和參謀部監(jiān)察指示。袁世凱主政時期,將軍府的運(yùn)行主要圍繞參與軍事操練、參與國防會議、制定軍事草案等軍政活動展開,一定程度上體現(xiàn)了其作為軍事顧問機(jī)關(guān)的性質(zhì)。根據(jù)軍事地位的不同而授予不同等級的將軍名號,充分體現(xiàn)被授予者的軍事及社會地位,而北京政府對于地方軍事長官的名號授予,也就成為中央對地方軍事力量控制的象征。袁世凱死后,黎元洪改將軍為督軍,伴隨著地方軍政局勢的再次混亂,將軍府逐漸喪失作為軍事顧問機(jī)關(guān)的意義,其日常運(yùn)行主要圍繞處理府內(nèi)事務(wù)、查照接收轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)函件等與軍事關(guān)系不大的事務(wù)展開。在這樣情況下,將軍名號的封授逐漸成為統(tǒng)治者籠絡(luò)和獎恤官員的工具,失去原有中央對地方軍事控制的意義。因此,1925年,段祺瑞下令裁撤將軍府,然而將軍名號仍繼續(xù)存在,直到1928年隨著北京政府統(tǒng)治的結(jié)束而終結(jié)。從袁世凱設(shè)立將軍府及將軍開始,社會各界包括將軍在內(nèi),都給予此改革極大的關(guān)注。雖有人意識到政府試圖通過此項(xiàng)措施來達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)軍民分治的目的,但基于當(dāng)時時局變化,世人對于將軍府及將軍的總體評價是貶多于褒,特別在1916年后,因?qū)④娺^多干涉政治,遭受世人的不齒。本文結(jié)合清末民初的社會發(fā)展演變,通過梳理民初將軍府及將軍的活動,認(rèn)為袁世凱這一改革措施有其歷史合理性,體現(xiàn)了政府為加強(qiáng)對地方控制,實(shí)現(xiàn)軍民分治的權(quán)力制衡和集權(quán)精神,也反映出社會轉(zhuǎn)型期中的傳統(tǒng)因素如何在民初中央體制變革中被加以運(yùn)用,來實(shí)現(xiàn)國家體制的順利轉(zhuǎn)型、社會秩序的正常運(yùn)行。
[Abstract]:Since modern times, with the tense situation at home and abroad, the rise of the Hunan and Huai armies, the compilation and training of the New Army in the late Qing Dynasty, the power of local governors has increased greatly, and the centralization of power has begun to weaken, thus breaking the restraint of local culture and military forces formed since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. A balanced military and political system. Wuchang after the uprising, the provinces alone, the local military intervention, military and government is not divided. Faced with such a situation, the Nanjing interim government was unable to deal with it until Yuan Shikai took over the Beijing government and took measures to solve the problem. On June 30, 1914, Yuan Shikai abolished the local dudu governor's name and changed the city governor to general, and set up a general's office in Beijing. Subordinate to the President, by the governor of the provincial military general and general in Beijing composed of two parts. A general in charge of military affairs in a province who establishes a general's office in the field and whose military and political affairs are supervised by the President, the Army, and the staff. During the period of Yuan Shikai administration, the operation of General House mainly revolved around participating in military practice, participating in national defense conference, making military draft and other military and political activities, which reflected to a certain extent its nature as a military advisory organ. According to the different military status, the names of generals of different grades are granted, fully reflecting the military and social status of the grantees, and the Beijing government's designation of the local military chiefs has become the symbol of the central government's control over local military forces. After the death of Yuan Shikai, General Li Yuanhong became a governor. With the chaos of the local military and political situation, the General's Office gradually lost its significance as a military advisory organ, and its daily operation mainly revolved around dealing with the internal affairs of the government. Check and receive forwarding letters and other matters not related to military affairs. Under such circumstances, the title of the general gradually became a tool for the rulers to win over and reward the officials, and lost the significance of the central government's control over local military affairs. Therefore, in 1925, Duan Qirui ordered the general's residence be abolished, but the general's name continued to exist until 1928 with the end of the Beijing government. Since the establishment of General House and General in Yuan Shikai, all sectors of society, including generals, have paid great attention to this reform. Although some people realized that the government was trying to achieve the goal of partition between the army and the people through this measure, due to the changes in the current situation, the general evaluation of the general office and the general was more derogatory than praise, especially after 1916, because the general interfered too much in politics, Suffer the disrespect of the world. Combined with the social development and evolution of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, by combing the activities of the generals and generals in the early part of the Republic of China, this paper holds that the reform measure of Yuan Shikai has its historical rationality and reflects the government's efforts to strengthen local control. The realization of the power balance and centralization of the military and civil administration also reflects how the traditional factors in the period of social transformation were applied in the reform of the central system in the early days of the Republic of China in order to realize the smooth transformation of the national system and the normal operation of the social order.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K25

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本文編號：1998485