本文選題：清末民初 + 新式知識分子��； 參考：《河北師范大學》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】：近代以來資本主義經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展使得各種不同于傳統(tǒng)的職能部門大量涌現(xiàn)，社會對專門人才的需求日益增多�？婆e制度廢除后，以科舉制度維系的單一職業(yè)格局隨之瓦解。隨著社會對專業(yè)人才的需求，在近代教育體制培養(yǎng)下的各種專門人才也出現(xiàn)了較大規(guī)模的分流。而作為知識分子個體，在分流中既受到經(jīng)濟、體制兩方面的影響，又交雜著個體的價值判斷和選擇，，使得近代社會的職業(yè)圖景呈現(xiàn)了一種多元、復雜的局面，對近代社會的變遷形成了一定的沖擊，既改變了許多傳統(tǒng)觀念，也促進了社會進步和個體的發(fā)展。 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭前，中國社會的經(jīng)濟形式始終是建立在農(nóng)耕基礎上自給自足的小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟，建立在此基礎之上的身份等級和職業(yè)格局為“士農(nóng)工商”。當時受科舉制的影響，“學而優(yōu)則仕”是知識分子終身追求的職業(yè)理想。但是洋務運動以來，這種狀況開始出現(xiàn)改變。擁有專業(yè)知識的知識分子，隨著洋務運動的展開而出現(xiàn)。二十世紀初期，這些早期知識分子已經(jīng)在各自的專業(yè)領域發(fā)揮著重要作用。 1901年清政府開始實行“新政”，進行了一系列的改革，特別是1905年科舉制度的廢除，在社會上產(chǎn)生了不小的震蕩。知識分子賴以維系特權、維系職業(yè)的制度資源由于科舉制的廢除而從此斷裂，學校教育取代了科舉成為整個社會培養(yǎng)人才的總機構。社會的發(fā)展需求專業(yè)化的人才，過去科舉制度下培養(yǎng)的通才型知識分子隨著近代專業(yè)教育的發(fā)展趨向多樣化的分流。新式知識分子由于掌握不同專業(yè)而開始了不同的職業(yè)分流。 但由于社會傳統(tǒng)和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平影響，近代新式知識分子在擇業(yè)中也存在不少問題，主要表現(xiàn)為：傳統(tǒng)“學而優(yōu)則仕”觀念對知識分子擇業(yè)的影響，其次為專業(yè)對口問題，由于政府用人指導原則的影響，導致許多人學非所用，或者出現(xiàn)棄之不用的社會問題；第三為供求問題，由于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平的限制，新式學堂的知識分子在擇業(yè)中出現(xiàn)了供過于求。 新式知識分子的擇業(yè)過程，是在新的社會形式下的智力資源的重新分配過程。人們的職業(yè)意識隨著社會環(huán)境的改變?nèi)找嬖鰪�，職業(yè)的選擇成為新式知識分子在人生發(fā)展中面臨的重要問題。社會也在各種職業(yè)的架構中發(fā)生了改變。其中最為明顯的即是擇業(yè)所帶來的社會流動和社會階層變動，成為這一時期社會變遷較醒目的事件。
[Abstract]:Since modern times, the development of capitalist economy has made a large number of functional departments which are different from the traditional ones, and the social demand for specialized personnel is increasing day by day. After the abolition of imperial examination system, the single occupation pattern maintained by imperial examination system disintegrated. With the society's demand for professional talents, various kinds of specialized talents trained under the modern educational system have also appeared a relatively large scale of diversion. As an intellectual individual, he was influenced by economy and system, and mixed with individual value judgment and choice, which made the career prospect of modern society present a kind of pluralistic and complex situation. It not only changed many traditional ideas, but also promoted social progress and individual development. Before the Opium War, the economic form of Chinese society was always a self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy based on farming. Under the influence of imperial examination system at that time, "study but excellent is official" is intellectual lifelong pursue occupation ideal. But since the Westernization Movement, this situation has begun to change. Intellectuals with professional knowledge appeared with the Westernization Movement. In the early 20th century, these early intellectuals had played an important role in their respective fields of expertise. In 1901, the Qing government began to implement the "New deal" and carried out a series of reforms, especially the abolition of the imperial examination system in 1905. The institutional resources that intellectuals rely on to maintain their privileges and maintain their profession are broken because of the abolition of the imperial examination system. School education has replaced the imperial examination as the chief institution for the cultivation of talents in the whole society. The development of society requires specialized talents, and the generalist intellectuals trained under the imperial examination system in the past tend to diversify with the development of modern professional education. New-style intellectuals began different job diversions because of their mastery of different specialties. However, due to the influence of social tradition and economic development level, modern intellectuals also have a lot of problems in choosing jobs. As a result of the influence of the guiding principles of government employment, many people have to face social problems of not using them or abandoning them. Third, the problem of supply and demand, because of the restrictions on the level of economic development, The intellectuals in new-style schools have oversupplied in their choice of jobs. The process of choosing a job for new intellectuals is the redistribution of intellectual resources under the new social form. With the change of social environment, people's professional consciousness has become more and more important, and the choice of occupation has become an important problem in the development of modern intellectuals' life. Society has also changed within the framework of various professions. Among them, the most obvious is the social mobility and social class changes brought about by choosing a job, which became a striking event of social change in this period.
【學位授予單位】：河北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K257;C913.2

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相關期刊論文 前1條

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