本文選題：辛亥革命前十年間 + 民變�。� 參考：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 在中國(guó)幾千年封建社會(huì)以及半殖民地半封建社會(huì)中,民變是長(zhǎng)期普遍存在的一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。1902年——1911年,是清朝走向滅亡的時(shí)期,是一個(gè)比較微妙的時(shí)間段。這段時(shí)期,中國(guó)的國(guó)情紛繁復(fù)雜,在外面臨著窮兇極惡的列強(qiáng)入侵；在內(nèi)清朝政府業(yè)已衰相必露,正在進(jìn)行著垂死掙扎。帝國(guó)主義國(guó)家既要利用清廷來壓迫中國(guó)百姓,實(shí)現(xiàn)他們對(duì)中國(guó)的掠奪,又要時(shí)刻壓制著清朝政府,不讓其壯大；清廷則既要對(duì)侵略者奴顏媚骨以換取片刻的喘息,又想利用此喘息之機(jī)得到一定的發(fā)展,同時(shí)還要四處鎮(zhèn)壓民眾反抗以“鞏固”統(tǒng)治。因此,帝國(guó)主義國(guó)家與清朝政府貌合神離,爾虞我詐,直接的炮灰便是廣大中國(guó)百姓。中國(guó)百姓時(shí)為二者共同壓榨的對(duì)象,時(shí)為二者互相攻殲的工具,但是無論處在何種狀況,他們都無一例外地生活在水深火熱之中。因而,中國(guó)百姓迫于生計(jì),不得不掀起了一波又一波的反帝反封建民變高潮。這些民變是清朝政府對(duì)外勾結(jié)妥協(xié),對(duì)內(nèi)濫施苛政的結(jié)果,同時(shí),它們又反過來加速了清廷的滅亡。通常,史學(xué)工作者專注于從資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命派的作為或清朝政府本身方面尋找清廷覆滅的原因,卻忽略了處在社會(huì)底層的廣大貧苦百姓才是清朝滅亡的最直接的目擊者與推動(dòng)者。因此,對(duì)清末民變的研究,有助于我們從社會(huì)底層這個(gè)角度,由下而上地加深對(duì)晚清政府社會(huì)思想體系、政治體系、經(jīng)濟(jì)體系、軍事體系以及外交體系的困境的了解�；谶@點(diǎn),筆者擬采用歷史學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)等方法,以辛亥革命前十年間作為時(shí)間段,將其間民變的點(diǎn)與面、個(gè)別與總體整合起來進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,旨在將歷史還原于世人面前,并分析其成敗得失,總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),為后人提供借鑒。 本文共分為五章。首先,在第一章中,筆者在羅列了歷來史學(xué)工作者對(duì)民變概念的界定之余,也提出了自己的理解,認(rèn)為民變是指包括農(nóng)民階級(jí)、無產(chǎn)者以及中下層民族資產(chǎn)階級(jí)、學(xué)生群等在內(nèi)的所有被統(tǒng)治被剝削的民眾,為求生存而興起的,以外國(guó)帝國(guó)主義的入侵和本國(guó)清朝政府以及地方當(dāng)局的壓迫等一系列不公正、不平等行為為討伐對(duì)象的斗爭(zhēng),它具有自發(fā)性、分散性、斗爭(zhēng)行為落后性、正義性四個(gè)特點(diǎn)。此外,筆者還對(duì)辛亥革命前十年間民變的研究資料和研究動(dòng)態(tài)作了回顧和展望。 第二章是分析民變發(fā)生的背景原因。自18世紀(jì)下半葉開始,清王朝已經(jīng)走上了衰敗的道路,帝國(guó)主義國(guó)家的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)入侵、肆虐橫行的天災(zāi)、以及清政府自身的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)弊端等接踵而至。無論是國(guó)際處境還是國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì),均向著一個(gè)令人堪憂的方向發(fā)展著。這種內(nèi)憂外患、天災(zāi)人禍的歷史背景是造成辛亥革命前十年間民變頻繁的主要原因。 第三章是分析辛亥革命前十年間民變的具體狀況。以斗爭(zhēng)內(nèi)容為據(jù),筆者認(rèn)為可以將辛亥革命前十年間的民變分為4種：抗捐抗稅斗爭(zhēng)、饑民運(yùn)動(dòng)、反帝愛國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)、工人運(yùn)動(dòng)。這一章便是分門別類得將4種民變發(fā)生的具體狀況、特點(diǎn)、政府的應(yīng)對(duì)等進(jìn)行分析。 第四章是民變個(gè)案的研究,主要以1910年萊陽(yáng)抗捐抗稅運(yùn)動(dòng)和1910年長(zhǎng)沙搶米風(fēng)潮為實(shí)例,從微觀角度研究民變。通過具體事例,我們可以清楚了解辛亥革命前十年間百姓的凄慘生活以及官紳漠視民眾的丑惡嘴臉,從而切實(shí)體會(huì)到“官逼民反”。 第五章是對(duì)辛亥革命前十年間民變的思考。作為近代中國(guó)社會(huì)主體的鄉(xiāng)村和最大階級(jí)的農(nóng)民,其變動(dòng)狀況不能不影響和制約著近代中國(guó)政治格局的變遷。雖然,清朝是被資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命派推翻的,但如果沒有民變運(yùn)動(dòng)的蓬勃發(fā)展,就沒有資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主革命的高漲和革命時(shí)機(jī)的成熟,可以說,晚清政權(quán)是在農(nóng)民暴動(dòng)中走入近代,在民變峰起中走向滅亡的。這一章便是從民變的非理性以及民變對(duì)晚清思想統(tǒng)治體系的影響等方面著手來探討民變對(duì)晚清時(shí)局的具體影響。 最后是結(jié)論,我們通過考察辛亥革命前十年間民變發(fā)生的原因、狀況以及影響等可知,以民為本,是治國(guó)的基石。其實(shí)民眾很單純,他們的要求并不高,只求輕徭薄賦,能有一塊安生立命之所便足以。因此,政府治理國(guó)家,應(yīng)當(dāng)首以廣大群眾的利益為先,時(shí)刻體察民情,盡可能的為百姓謀求安居樂業(yè)的良好環(huán)境。在實(shí)施改革等重大舉措時(shí)必須要審時(shí)度勢(shì),正確認(rèn)識(shí)百姓的承受能力以及給民眾所帶來的切實(shí)利益,制定恰當(dāng)步驟,按部就班,才有可能取得預(yù)期的效果,否則便易變亂四起,釀成巨禍。除此以外,要杜絕民變,還要從根本上改變民眾的生存狀態(tài)。這不僅需要國(guó)家營(yíng)造的大環(huán)境,還須得注重教育,提高全民素質(zhì)。這樣不僅有利于用科技提高生產(chǎn)力,也有利于加強(qiáng)政府與民眾之間的交流,使民眾易于接受政府所制定的政策措施,減少因誤解和流言所帶來的不必要的沖突,讓社會(huì)得到長(zhǎng)治久安。 讀史是為了以古鑒今,對(duì)于歷史教訓(xùn)的深刻反省和對(duì)于歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)的正確總結(jié),正是歷史學(xué)的功能所在,廣大民眾如何更好得生活問題仍是我國(guó)亟需解決的問題,筆者希望能通過對(duì)辛亥革命前十年間民變的研究,來把握農(nóng)民的基本心態(tài)與社會(huì)需求,為現(xiàn)今社會(huì)的發(fā)展提供綿薄之力。然而自己的想法和實(shí)際的研究能力和研究水平之間會(huì)有很大的差距。因此,本課題研究之中的不當(dāng)之處,還請(qǐng)各位師長(zhǎng)不吝指正。
[Abstract]:In China ' s feudal society and the semi - colonial and semi - feudal society , the civil change is a social phenomenon which is widespread in the long term . In 1902 _ 1911 , it was a period of Qing dynasty moving towards destruction . It was a delicate time period . In this period , China ' s national conditions were complicated and confronted with the fierce invasion in the outside world .
In the Qing Dynasty , the government has fallen apart , and is in the midst of a dying struggle . The imperialist countries must use the Qing imperial court to oppression the Chinese people , realize their plunder of China , and press the Qing government to keep them from growing ;
In the Qing Dynasty , the people of the Qing Dynasty , who were the most direct witnesses and promoters of the Qing Dynasty , had to use history , sociology , psychology and so on . Therefore , they had to use history , sociology and psychology as the most direct witnesses and promoters of the Qing Dynasty .



This paper is divided into five chapters . First , in the first chapter , the author has put forward his own understanding of the definition of the concept of the people ' s change in the history of history , and also put forward its own understanding . The author thinks that the people ' s transformation is a series of unjust and unfair behaviors , including the peasant class , the proletariat , the middle and lower national bourgeoisie , the student group and so on . It has four characteristics of spontaneity , dispersion , backwardness of struggle behavior , and justice . In addition , the author also reviews and prospects the research data and research developments of the civil change during the decade before the Revolution of 1911 .



The second chapter is to analyze the background of the people ' s change . Since the beginning of the second half of the 18th century , the Qing Dynasty has embarked on the path of decline , the political and economic invasion of the imperialist countries , the ravages of ramasochism , and the political and economic disadvantages of the Qing government itself . Whether the international situation or the domestic situation is in a worrying direction , the historical background of the natural disaster is the main reason for the frequent change of people during the decade before the Revolution of 1911 .



The third chapter is to analyze the specific situation of the people ' s change in the ten years before the Revolution of 1911 . According to the content of the struggle , the author thinks that it can be divided into four kinds : the struggle against the anti - tax , the people ' s movement , the anti - imperialist patriotic movement and the worker ' s movement .



The fourth chapter is the study of civil - change cases , mainly based on the anti - tax movement of Laiyang in 1910 and the historical trend of Changsha in 1910 as an example . Through concrete examples , we can clearly understand the miserable life of the people in the ten years before the Revolution of 1911 and the ugly face of the people in disregard of the people , so as to realize the " official rebellion " effectively .



The fifth chapter is the reflection of the people ' s change in the ten years before the Revolution of 1911 . As the peasants of the rural and the largest class in modern Chinese society , their changing conditions cannot affect and restrict the changes of the modern Chinese political pattern . Although the Qing Dynasty is overruled by the bourgeois revolutionaries , it can be said that the late Qing regime moves into the modern era in the peasant uprising . It can be said that the later Qing regime is going to perish in the peasant uprising . This chapter discusses the specific influence of the people ' s change on the late Qing Dynasty from the irrationality of the people ' s change and the influence of the people ' s change on the system of the ideological ruling in the late Qing Dynasty .



At last , it is concluded that by investigating the causes , the situation and the influence of the people ' s change during the decade before the Revolution of 1911 , it is clear that the people are the cornerstone of the governance . In addition , it is only necessary for the people to be able to achieve the desired effect . In other words , it is necessary to focus on education and improve the quality of the people . This will not only help to improve the productivity of the people , but also to strengthen the communication between the government and the public . This will not only help to accept the policy measures developed by the government , reduce unnecessary conflicts caused by misunderstanding and gossip , and make society long - term .



It is the function of history to grasp the basic mentality and social demand of the peasants and provide a great gap for the development of the present society .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K257

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 樊翠花;清末民初江蘇鄉(xiāng)村民變問題研究（1901-1921）[D];蘇州大學(xué);2013年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 宋蘭;從報(bào)紙文本探析辛亥革命時(shí)期《申報(bào)》新聞報(bào)道策略[D];湖南大學(xué);2012年

2 王冠;1911年漢口租界風(fēng)潮研究[D];華中師范大學(xué);2013年

3 靳凱;晚清內(nèi)蒙古東部地區(qū)的民變（1891-1911）[D];內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：1851040