本文選題：社會問題　切入點(diǎn)：廟產(chǎn)　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 廟產(chǎn)問題是指各地大規(guī)模強(qiáng)占民間廟產(chǎn)所引發(fā)的全國性的社會矛盾,它是由晚清政府和民國政府的廟產(chǎn)征用政策引發(fā)的,是中國社會轉(zhuǎn)型時期傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗與現(xiàn)代意識、專制習(xí)慣和民主精神、社會精英與普通民眾激烈沖突的一個縮影。廟產(chǎn)問題開始于清末新政期間,此后時緩時急,時斷時續(xù),一直延續(xù)到建國前夕。廟產(chǎn)問題的持續(xù)時間很長,涉及范圍很廣,社會影響也很深遠(yuǎn),對之進(jìn)行研究,不僅有重要的學(xué)術(shù)意義,也有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,但是,目前還沒有人對這個問題進(jìn)行過系統(tǒng)研究。鑒于此,本文從政府與社會的互動關(guān)系入手,對廟產(chǎn)問題的第一個階段,即清末民初(1895--1916)的廟產(chǎn)問題進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究,欲起到拋磚引玉的作用。全文共分八個部分： 緒論,主要闡述了本文的基本思路、選題意義、研究狀況、主要內(nèi)容、主要觀點(diǎn)和創(chuàng)新之處等問題； 第一章,主要闡述了清政府廟產(chǎn)征用政策出臺的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和時代原因。首先分析了清末全國的廟宇種類和廟產(chǎn)狀況,分析了全國廟宇的房屋、土地和資金數(shù)量等,認(rèn)為這是清政府出臺廟產(chǎn)征用政策的前提。接著,分析了清政府出臺廟產(chǎn)征用政策的四個時代原因,即,改革經(jīng)費(fèi)的嚴(yán)重匱乏是其經(jīng)濟(jì)原因,廢淫祀的傳統(tǒng)是其政治原因,社會精英對傳統(tǒng)文化的態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變是其文化原因,而僧道的社會形象較差則是其催化劑； 第二章,主要研究了清末廟產(chǎn)征用政策的演變過程和實(shí)施情況。筆者首先分析了章太炎、康有為、張之洞等人的建議的異同之處以及清末廟產(chǎn)征用政策的演化過程,接著研究了這項(xiàng)政策在各地的執(zhí)行情況。認(rèn)為清末廟產(chǎn)征用政策的前后矛盾和各地征用民間廟產(chǎn)的粗暴舉動直接導(dǎo)致了廟產(chǎn)問題的產(chǎn)生和迅速激化； 第三章,主要研究了清末廟產(chǎn)問題的發(fā)展概況。筆者從社會學(xué)的概念出發(fā),從宏觀上研究了清末廟產(chǎn)問題的形成和發(fā)展過程,認(rèn)為廟產(chǎn)問題首先表現(xiàn)為外交糾紛,接著表現(xiàn)為僧俗爭訟,最后發(fā)展為大規(guī)模的群體性暴力事件； 第四章,主要研究了民國初年廟產(chǎn)問題的復(fù)雜化。首先闡述了民國初年政治形勢的變化和破除迷信運(yùn)動的迅猛發(fā)展對廟產(chǎn)問題的影響,接著闡述了袁世凱對民間廟產(chǎn)態(tài)度的變化以及《臨時約法》的頒布對廟產(chǎn)問題的影響,最后闡述了民國初年廟產(chǎn)問題的演變過程,即從群體性暴力事件發(fā)展為社團(tuán)運(yùn)作和司法訴訟； 第五章,主要闡述了袁世凱政府圍繞廟產(chǎn)問題與宗教社團(tuán)的博弈過程。這些博弈主要是圍繞著廟產(chǎn)保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、廟產(chǎn)所有權(quán)歸屬、廟產(chǎn)保護(hù)起始時間以及宗教社團(tuán)的地位等問題展開的。認(rèn)為這些博弈是民國初年民主政治的重要組成部分。為了爭奪民間廟產(chǎn)的控制權(quán),袁世凱政府和宗教社團(tuán)都從《臨時約法》中尋找對自己有利的因素。這不僅直接推動了袁世凱政府廟產(chǎn)政策的完善,也將清末新政以來持續(xù)激化的廟產(chǎn)問題逐步納入了法制化軌道,從而使這一嚴(yán)重的社會問題暫時告一段落。 第六章,主要研究了袁世凱廟產(chǎn)政策的主要內(nèi)容、特征、宗教人士對這些政策的態(tài)度,并對袁世凱政府的廟產(chǎn)政策進(jìn)行了客觀評價,認(rèn)為這些廟產(chǎn)政策既反應(yīng)了袁世凱政府的意志,又積極吸收了宗教人士和地方政府的意見和建議；既有明顯的傳統(tǒng)痕跡,又具有諸多明顯的時代特征。這些政策的制定,不僅為各地處理廟產(chǎn)糾紛提供了法律依據(jù),又對后來的廟產(chǎn)政策產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響； 結(jié)語,主要闡述了三個觀點(diǎn),一是清末民初我國政治經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢的巨大變化是廟產(chǎn)問題產(chǎn)生的根本原因；二是清末民初時期廟產(chǎn)政策的前后矛盾是廟產(chǎn)問題持續(xù)激化的直接原因；三是袁世凱政府的二難選擇增加了解決廟產(chǎn)問題的難度,但它制定的一系列政策最終將廟產(chǎn)問題納入了法制化的軌道,使廟產(chǎn)問題得到了暫時的解決。 總之,清末民初的廟產(chǎn)問題是一個非常復(fù)雜的政治性社會問題,涉及到政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、思想、文化、法律、宗教、教育等各個方面,牽涉到中央政府、地方政府、各級官吏以及普通民眾。本文的研究只是一個初步的嘗試,不可避免地存在著不少缺憾,需要本人以及同仁進(jìn)行長期的共同努力。
[Abstract]:The problem is that national caused by seizing the property around the massive folk social contradictions, it is by the late Qing government and the government of the Republic of China's property expropriation policy causes, is the traditional customs during the period of social transformation Chinese and modern consciousness, authoritarian habits and democratic spirit, a microcosm of social elites and ordinary people. The fierce conflict the problem started in the late Qing period, then slowly or rapidly. On the eve of the founding. Until the duration of temple issue is very long, involving a wide range of social influence is also very profound, to study, not only has important academic significance, but also has certain practical significance, but there is no people have made a systematic study on this issue. In view of this, this article from the interaction between government and society with the first stage of the problem, which is at the end of the Qing Dynasty (1895--1916) of the temple issue There are eight parts in this paper.
The introduction mainly expounds the basic ideas of this article, the significance of the topic, the research situation, the main content, the main points of view and the innovation and so on.
The first chapter mainly elaborated the Qing government property expropriation policy foundation and age reasons. The first is analyzed in the late Qing Dynasty the temple type and property status, analyzes the temple houses, land and the amount of money, this is the premise that the Qing government issued the expropriation policy. Then, analyzed four times the reason, the Qing government issued property expropriation policy is a serious shortage of funds, the reform is the economic reason, the waste of Yinsi tradition is the political reasons, cultural reasons is the transformation of the social elite attitude of traditional culture, and the social image of the poor monk is the catalyst;
The second chapter mainly studies the evolution process of expropriation policy in the late Qing Dynasty and the implementation. The author first analyzes the evolution process of Zhang Taiyan, Kang Youwei, Zhang Zhidong et al. The similarities and differences between the proposed and the property expropriation policy in the late Qing Dynasty, and then study the implementation of this policy in the country. That violent behaviour in late Qing Dynasty temple expropriation policy is inconsistent and around the folk Temple led directly to the expropriation of property problems and rapid intensification;
The third chapter mainly discusses the development situation of the late Qing Dynasty. The temple issue from a sociological concept of the formation and development process from the macro research on the late Qing Dynasty temple issue, that the problem is first expressed as a diplomatic dispute, then the performance and dispute, the final development of mass violence scale;
The fourth chapter mainly studies the complexity of the early years of the Republic of China Temple issue. First describes the influence of the rapid development of the political situation in the early Republic of China and the changes of superstition and movement of the temple issue, then expounds the influence of the attitude of the Yuan Shikai folk and promulgated the provisional constitution of the < > of property problems, finally expounds the evolution process in the early Republic of China Temple issue, namely from the incident of group violence for the operation of the club and judicial proceedings;
The fifth chapter mainly elaborates the game process of the Yuan Shikai administration around the temple issue and religious associations. The game is mainly around the property protection standards, property ownership, property protection issues and the starting time of the religious community status. That game is an important part of democratic politics in the early Republic of China. In order to compete for control of folk the construction of the temple, the Yuan Shikai administration and the religious community from the provisional constitution for < > in their favour. It not only promoted the improvement of Yuan Shikai government property policy, will also continue to intensify the temple issue since the late Qing Dynasty gradually into the orbit of the legal system, which is a serious social problem temporarily come to an end.
The sixth chapter, the main content, mainly studies the Yuan Shikai property policy characteristics, religious attitudes to these policies, and on the Yuan Shikai administration's property policy objective evaluation, think the property policy not only reflects the will of the Yuan Shikai administration, and actively absorb the religious people and local government both traditional opinions and suggestions; obvious signs, and has some obvious characteristics of the times. The formulation of these policies, not only provides a legal basis for handling property disputes, but also a profound impact on the later's property policy;
The conclusion, mainly expounds the three points, one is a huge change in the late Qing Dynasty of China's political and economic situation are the fundamental reasons for the property problem; two is the late Qing Dynasty, the policy inconsistency is the direct cause of the temple issue continued to intensify; three is the Yuan Shikai administration's two difficult choice increases the difficulty of solving property problems, but a series of policy formulation of it will eventually yield the problem into the legal track, the temple issue to get a temporary solution.
In short, the problem of the late Qing Dynasty is a very complex political and social issues, involving political, economic, ideological, cultural, legal, religious, educational and other aspects, involves the central government, local government, government officials and ordinary people. This research is a preliminary attempt, inevitably there are a lot of defects, need I and colleagues to make long-term efforts.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K257

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