本文選題：民族　切入點(diǎn)：平等　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：潘光旦,江蘇寶山人,是民國(guó)時(shí)期著名的社會(huì)學(xué)家和教育家。他出身了士紳家庭,從小就接受了良好的教育,因此順利考入清華留美預(yù)備班。他在清華學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)突出,雖然腿部有殘疾,依然成功留美,在美國(guó)取得碩士學(xué)位后歸國(guó)。潘光旦的求學(xué)生涯十分順利,留美背景和豐富的學(xué)識(shí)使其迅速融入進(jìn)中國(guó)的大學(xué),并很快獲得了一定的學(xué)術(shù)地位。民國(guó)時(shí)期的知識(shí)分子大都具有很深的愛國(guó)情懷,在教書之余,潘光旦時(shí)常發(fā)表各類文章,縱論國(guó)事。這些文章有許多涉及到政治問題,通過對(duì)這些文章的梳理,我們可以很清晰地了解潘光旦的政治思想 潘光旦的政治思想十分全面,具有一定的內(nèi)在邏輯性。本文主要考察了時(shí)人比較關(guān)注的民族、平等、民主和自由思想。 在民族思想方面,潘光旦認(rèn)為民族既是歷史文化的共同體,也是血緣共同體,它同時(shí)具有這兩方面的屬性。他從優(yōu)生學(xué)的角度,認(rèn)為民族的生物因素起到基礎(chǔ)性作用,人們對(duì)民族生物因素的忽視是不應(yīng)該的。中華民族并不是衰老的民族,雖然中華民族有體格柔韌化、缺乏科學(xué)頭腦、組織能力薄弱和自私自利心的畸形發(fā)展這四種病象,但只要改造方法得宜,是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)民族復(fù)興的。 潘光旦的平等思想相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單。平等的含義比較復(fù)雜,包括了等同、平均和公正等意。平等一詞意義的復(fù)雜性給人們的思維造成了很大的混亂,潘光旦平等思想的展開就是在國(guó)人對(duì)平等的理解充滿了歧異的情況下展開的。民國(guó)時(shí)期,人們一般把平等一詞理解為等同和平均,因而,潘光旦對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象很是不滿。他利用生物學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)知識(shí),對(duì)平等理念所蘊(yùn)含的等同和平均兩意進(jìn)行了批判,從而肯定了平等理念所蘊(yùn)含的公正之意,提出了以公正(公道)概念代替平等概念的主張。 潘光旦實(shí)際上是一位平等主義的堅(jiān)決反對(duì)者。在一個(gè)把平等慣于理解成平均主義的國(guó)家,潘光旦堅(jiān)持自己的觀點(diǎn),是需要很大的理論勇氣的。他提出的以公正概念代替平等概念的主張,雖然對(duì)平等的看法有些偏頗,但也能給我們一些有益的啟示。隨著改革開放的深入,中國(guó)人的收入差距越來(lái)越大,社會(huì)公正問題也因此日益嚴(yán)重,為了避免意義含混的平等概念帶來(lái)的不必要的麻煩,我們應(yīng)更多的使用公正概念未必不是一個(gè)值得考慮的選擇。 潘光旦的民主思想也具有個(gè)人特色。在民主價(jià)值論上,他認(rèn)為民主是實(shí)現(xiàn)自由的保障,民主有利于民族健康,促進(jìn)一個(gè)民族的發(fā)展。在民主建設(shè)論上,他認(rèn)為教育起到?jīng)Q定性的作用,此外,家庭制度和社會(huì)精英的作用也是不可忽視的。中國(guó)要建立民主政治不能忽視傳統(tǒng)思想的民主因素,中國(guó)建立的民主政治制度不能一味模仿英美,可以有自己的創(chuàng)造。 作為一個(gè)自由主義者,潘光旦的自由思想十分系統(tǒng)。他的自由觀不是重在排除外部障礙的外在自由,而是側(cè)重于消除內(nèi)在能力和理性不足的內(nèi)在自由。作為一個(gè)自由主義者,與西方的同道一樣,潘光旦對(duì)歷史決定論和歷史進(jìn)步論同樣持拒斥的態(tài)度。在對(duì)自由的價(jià)值論方面,他認(rèn)為自由是生命的目的,有利于個(gè)人價(jià)值的實(shí)現(xiàn)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展與穩(wěn)定；自由社會(huì)具有包容性,有利于各種人才的培育和發(fā)展,從而促進(jìn)一個(gè)民族文化和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步。要實(shí)現(xiàn)人的自由,一要建立民主政治,二要發(fā)展教育�？上У氖�,新中國(guó)成立之后,迫于政治與輿論壓力,潘光旦不得不放棄自己的自由主義立場(chǎng)。 潘光旦的一生可謂一帆風(fēng)順,由于深受歐風(fēng)美雨的影響,他始終堅(jiān)持客觀中立的立場(chǎng)放言無(wú)忌,直言批評(píng)各種思想,甚至包括公開抨擊國(guó)民黨。但到了1946年7月,潘光旦遭遇到了生平第一次重大的政治壓力。當(dāng)月發(fā)生了“李聞慘案”,潘光旦等人在聞一多被刺當(dāng)晚,不得不躲進(jìn)美國(guó)駐昆明領(lǐng)事館。國(guó)民黨用暗殺的手段來(lái)對(duì)付批評(píng)者的卑劣行為,使潘在思想上開始轉(zhuǎn)向。1949年,國(guó)民政府在大陸的敗局已定,他最終選擇了擁抱人民的新中國(guó),而且開始試圖融入新社會(huì)。但是,由于復(fù)雜的歷史問題,潘光旦在知識(shí)分子改造運(yùn)動(dòng)和反右運(yùn)動(dòng)中,受到?jīng)_擊,從此,被打入歷史的另冊(cè)。
[Abstract]:Pan Guangdan , Jiangsu Baoshan man , is a famous social scientist and educator in the People ' s Republic of China . He came from the family of the squire and accepted good education since he was young . He has been successful in the study of Tsinghua University . Although his legs are disabled , he has been successful in studying abroad . He has acquired a master ' s master ' s master ' s degree .


Pan Guangdan ' s political thought is very comprehensive and has a certain inherent logic . This article mainly examines the people , equality , democracy and free thought that the time people pay attention to .


In the aspect of national thought , Pan Guangdan believes that the nationality is not only the community of historical culture , but also the Hematologic Community , which has the attributes of both .


Pan Guangdan ' s idea of equality is relatively simple . The meaning of equality is complex , including the meaning of equality , average and justice .


In fact , Pan Guangdan is a strong opponent of equality . In a country where equality is used to be an average , Pan Guangdan insists on his own view , and it is necessary to take great theoretical courage . With the deepening of reform and opening up , the income gap of Chinese people is becoming more and more serious . With the deepening of reform and opening up , the issue of social justice is becoming more and more serious . In order to avoid unnecessary troubles caused by the concept of equality , we should use the concept of justice more than a choice worth considering .


In the theory of democratic values , he believes that democracy is the guarantee of freedom , democracy is favorable to the national health and promotes the development of a nation . In the theory of democratic construction , he believes that education plays a decisive role . In addition , the role of the family system and the social elite cannot be ignored . In China , it is necessary to establish a democratic political system that cannot ignore the democratic factors of the traditional thought , and the democratic political system established by China cannot imitate the Anglo - American , and can have its own creation .


As a liberalist , Pan Guangdan ' s free thought is very systematic . His view of freedom is not to exclude the inner freedom from the outside obstacle , but to focus on the elimination of the inherent ability and the lack of reason . As a liberalist , as in the west , Pan Guangdan also holds a rejection of the theory of historical and historical progress . In the aspect of the value theory of freedom , he believes that freedom is the purpose of life and is conducive to the realization of personal value and the development and stability of society ;
The free society is inclusive , conducive to the cultivation and development of all kinds of talents , thus promoting the progress of a nation ' s culture and society . To realize the freedom of the people , to establish the democratic politics , and to develop education . Unfortunately , after the founding of the new China , Pan Guangdan has to abandon his liberal position after the establishment of the new China .


Pan Guangdan ' s life was smooth , and because of the influence of the wind and rain , he always insisted on an objective and neutral stance and criticized all kinds of ideas , including public criticism of the Kuomintang . However , in July 1946 , Mr . Ban met with his first major political pressure . In 1949 , Mr . Ban became aware of his first major political pressure . In 1949 , he had chosen to embrace the people ' s new China , and began to try to integrate into the new society . However , because of the complex historical problems , Pan Guangdan had been hit by the intellectuals ' transformation movement and the anti - right movement .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K265

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 紀(jì)文姣;論潘光旦的家庭與家族文化觀[D];魯東大學(xué);2013年

，

本文編號(hào)：1702998