本文選題：合作金庫　切入點(diǎn)：發(fā)展　出處：《南開大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：合作金庫是源于西方的一種金融組織形式，它以調(diào)節(jié)合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的資金融通為宗旨，是在合作社基礎(chǔ)上建立的區(qū)域性或全國性合作金融機(jī)構(gòu)。20世紀(jì)二三十年代，隨著西方合作經(jīng)濟(jì)思想在中國的傳播，，面對危機(jī)之中的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)，發(fā)展合作金融逐漸成為國民政府穩(wěn)定農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)、鞏固統(tǒng)治的重要手段。在國民政府、金融機(jī)構(gòu)和社會團(tuán)體的努力下，到1930年代中期，中國農(nóng)村的合作金融組織已經(jīng)得到了初步發(fā)展，但同時也存在著資金短缺、依賴銀行、缺乏系統(tǒng)性等缺陷，為了解決這些問題，在農(nóng)村合作社的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)辦各級合作金庫，成為國民政府及社會各界的普遍共識，由此拉開了合作金庫在近代中國的發(fā)展序幕。 中國的合作金庫是在國民政府推動下建立和發(fā)展起來的。從1935年開始，國民政府頒布了發(fā)展合作金庫的專門法規(guī)。隨后，一些地方政府和農(nóng)本局即著手組建合作金庫，到抗戰(zhàn)前夕，數(shù)量不多的幾個省、縣合作金庫已經(jīng)建立了起來。抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，政府積極實行擴(kuò)大農(nóng)貸的政策，推動合作金庫建設(shè)的輔設(shè)機(jī)關(guān)也不斷增加，合作金庫由此進(jìn)入高速發(fā)展時期，并于1940年達(dá)到高潮。1941年以后，政府對合作金庫相關(guān)的政策進(jìn)行了一系列調(diào)整，政策調(diào)整后合作金庫的發(fā)展逐漸放緩。到1946年，國民政府成立了中央合作金庫，在國民黨統(tǒng)治搖搖欲墜的環(huán)境中，中央合作金庫所能發(fā)揮的作用已經(jīng)十分有限了。從1935年到1949年，中國的合作金庫從無到有，經(jīng)歷了起伏曲折的發(fā)展歷程，總體來說形成了一定的規(guī)模，在各類農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)中已成為一支不容忽視的力量。 合作金庫是從國外引進(jìn)的金融組織形式，在歐美和日本，合作金庫的發(fā)展以民間力量為主，政府主要發(fā)揮扶助、監(jiān)督和規(guī)范的作用；在合作金庫的資金來源和經(jīng)營管理上，基層合作組織與農(nóng)民處于主導(dǎo)地位；而且在發(fā)展中逐漸形成了從地方到中央的金字塔式合作金庫體系。與之相比，合作金庫在中國的發(fā)展中則產(chǎn)生了明顯的變異。第一，合作金庫發(fā)展完全由政府推動，民間力量處于被動地位；第二，合作金庫嚴(yán)重依賴政府和國家行局的資金；第三，合作金庫的經(jīng)營管理由政府和國家行局控制；第四，合作金庫體系的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)為多元分散的特征，合作金庫與政府和國家銀行緊密相聯(lián)，但各級合作金庫之間卻沒有形成有機(jī)的聯(lián)系。這些變異反映出中國的合作金庫只是借用了合作金融組織的外殼，實際上并沒有真正具備合作金融自愿、自主、民主、互助的性質(zhì)，在實踐中合作金庫更多地充當(dāng)了政府的政策工具和國家行局向農(nóng)村貸款的中介。之所以產(chǎn)生這樣的結(jié)果，一方面是因為國民政府對經(jīng)濟(jì)具有強(qiáng)烈的控制欲望，對金融領(lǐng)域尤為甚之；另一方面，當(dāng)時中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)深陷困境，合作金庫可以從農(nóng)村內(nèi)部獲得的金融資源極其有限，加之農(nóng)村社會環(huán)境的局限以及政府對鄉(xiāng)村社會不斷強(qiáng)化的控制，都使合作金庫的自主發(fā)展缺乏適宜的土壤。 民國時期的合作金庫，盡管存在一些缺陷，但從總體上看仍然是國民政府推動農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展的有益嘗試。合作金庫的發(fā)展在一定程度上緩解了農(nóng)村資金的短缺，促進(jìn)了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，為支持抗戰(zhàn)做出了積極的貢獻(xiàn)。而且，合作金庫作為一種現(xiàn)代金融組織形式，它的發(fā)展為中國農(nóng)村金融注入了新的力量，推動了農(nóng)村借貸關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)型與現(xiàn)代化，由此在中國農(nóng)村金融史上書寫了值得銘記的一頁。
[Abstract]:Cooperative bank is a financial organization from the west, its financing regulation of cooperative economic organization for the purpose of regional or national cooperation based on cooperative financial institutions based on.20 in 20s and 30s, with the spread of Western cooperative economy thought in Chinese, facing the crisis of the rural economy, the development of cooperative finance the national government has gradually become a stable rural economy, an important means of consolidating the rule. In the national government, financial institutions and social groups under the efforts by the middle of 1930s, China rural cooperative financial organization has been developed, but there is also a shortage of funds, relying on the bank, the lack of systematic defects, in order to solve these the problem, based on Cooperative founded at all levels of rural cooperatives, become the consensus of the national government and all sectors of society, which opened the vault in cooperation The prelude to the development of modern China.
The Chinese cooperative is in the national government to promote the establishment and development. From the beginning of 1935, the national government promulgated the regulations of the cooperative development. Subsequently, some local governments and Agricultural Bureau to set up cooperative, to the eve of the war, the number of provinces, county cooperative bank is established. After the outbreak of the war, the government actively implement the expansion of credit policy, promote the construction of the cooperative auxiliary organs will continue to increase, the cooperative bank entered a period of rapid development, and in 1940 reached a climax after.1941 years, the government policy related to the cooperative Treasury conducted a series of adjustments, policy development cooperation vault gradually slowed down. By 1946, the national government established a central cooperative bank in the Kuomintang, the crumbling of the environment, the central cooperative bank can play the role of ten points has been limited. From 1935 to 1949, China's cooperative Treasury had gone through a series of ups and downs. It has formed a certain scale in general, and has become a force that can not be ignored in all kinds of rural financial institutions.
The cooperative is imported from the financial organization in Europe and Japan, the development of cooperative with non-governmental forces, the government plays an important role in assisting, supervising and regulating role; in the cooperative funding and management, grassroots cooperative organizations and farmers in a dominant position; and gradually formed in the development of the pyramid from the cooperative system of the central place. In contrast, the cooperative development in the China were generated in the obvious variation. First, cooperative development is driven entirely by the government, the civil power in a passive position; second, cooperative depends heavily on government and the State Bureau of funds; third, management cooperation the Treasury is controlled by the government and the State Bureau; fourth, the internal structure of the cooperative system has characteristics of diversified, cooperative with the government and the national bank close Contact, but did not form a cooperative between the levels of organic connection. These variations reflect the China cooperative bank borrows the cooperative financial organization of the shell, does not actually have financial autonomy, voluntary cooperation, democracy, mutual nature, in practice as well as more as the Treasury instruments of government policy and State Bureau of rural loans to intermediary. The result, partly because the national government has a strong desire to control the economy, particularly in the financial sector; on the other hand, when the Chinese rural cooperative economy in deep trouble, can be obtained from the rural financial resources are extremely limited, and the control of rural society the limitations and the strengthening of the government to the rural society, will make the independent development cooperative lack of suitable soil.
During the period of the Republic of the cooperative, although there are some defects, but overall is still a useful attempt of national government to promote the development of rural finance. The development of the rural cooperative bank alleviate the shortage of funds in a certain extent, the promotion of agricultural production, and made a positive contribution to support the war. Moreover, as a kind of cooperative the form of the modern financial organizations, it develops into a new force China rural finance, and promote the transformation and modernization of rural credit, resulting in China rural financial history to remember a page.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：F832.9;K258

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