本文選題：越南交涉　切入點(diǎn)：文化沖突　出處：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 中法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是中國(guó)近代歷史上的重大事件,也是中越關(guān)系史上的一件大事。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前后,中法兩國(guó)圍繞越南的主權(quán)、地位等問(wèn)題展開(kāi)了一系列的外交活動(dòng)。其間既有和平的談判,又有武力的爭(zhēng)奪;既有公開(kāi)的廝殺,也有暗中的較勁;既有面對(duì)面的辯論,又有在異地遙控的爭(zhēng)執(zhí);既有自己出面爭(zhēng)權(quán),又有請(qǐng)人為己談判。奇異紛呈,不一而足。 外交是一個(gè)國(guó)家政治的組成部分,外交手段和理念體現(xiàn)著一個(gè)國(guó)家的實(shí)力和文化價(jià)值觀。本文以中法越南交涉中的外交活動(dòng)為主要考察對(duì)象,透視近代東西兩種文化的碰撞、摩擦與沖突的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程,從文化的視角探討近代中越宗藩關(guān)系的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)及其影響因素。 中越宗藩關(guān)系建立在兩國(guó)對(duì)儒家文化及其價(jià)值觀認(rèn)同的基礎(chǔ)之上,是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的儒家思想在對(duì)外關(guān)系方面的延伸。在宗藩關(guān)系形成與發(fā)展的過(guò)程中,儒家文化扮演了重要的角色。秦漢開(kāi)始,儒家文化從中原向邊隅流布,推動(dòng)了越南的文明進(jìn)程,越南對(duì)中原王朝的向心力與日俱增;北宋以降,儒家文化成為越南的立國(guó)之基,中越之間的宗藩關(guān)系確立,朝貢制度走向鼎盛;中法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前,中越間的朝貢與冊(cè)封頻繁,新形勢(shì)下宗藩關(guān)系得到鞏固,成為聯(lián)結(jié)兩國(guó)共同抗法的紐帶。 秉承古希臘、古羅馬文化源流的法蘭西文化,屬于西方文化體系的一個(gè)部分,與東方典型的儒家文化格格不入。在東西方接觸日益頻繁、加劇以后,兩種文化的碰撞和摩擦勢(shì)所難免。在近代資本主義殖民浪潮下,法國(guó)將東方的越南作為其侵略和擴(kuò)張的對(duì)象。19世紀(jì)60年代,法國(guó)已經(jīng)占領(lǐng)了越南南圻。進(jìn)入70年代,法國(guó)用武力逼迫越南簽訂了《越法和平同盟條約》,以此來(lái)否定中越宗藩關(guān)系。接著出兵北圻,目的是吞并全越,建立起保護(hù)國(guó)制度,作為侵略中國(guó)西南的跳板。越南危如累卵,中越間古老的宗藩關(guān)系受到嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。面對(duì)越南的反復(fù)求援,清政府開(kāi)始就保藩問(wèn)題同法國(guó)交涉。 中法兩國(guó)交涉的要點(diǎn)是越南的主權(quán)與地位問(wèn)題,文化沖突貫穿始終,宗藩權(quán)與保護(hù)權(quán)之爭(zhēng)是其核心,宗藩制度與保護(hù)國(guó)制度之爭(zhēng)是文化沖突的主要體現(xiàn)。此外,差序包容與主權(quán)平等、以和為貴與以利為先的差異,也是導(dǎo)致中法文化沖突的原因。在越南問(wèn)題的交涉中,中法文化沖突表現(xiàn)為一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程。它從兩種文化發(fā)生碰撞開(kāi)始,碰撞引起摩擦,摩擦擴(kuò)大沖突,以致外交活動(dòng)跌宕起伏,談判桌上唾沫飛揚(yáng),明爭(zhēng)暗斗,進(jìn)而左右戰(zhàn)事,影響政局。 在宗藩關(guān)系下,作為“上國(guó)”的清朝對(duì)屬國(guó)的淪陷不能坐視不管;在國(guó)力衰落的情況下,清政府選擇默認(rèn)黑旗軍抗法以“曲線保藩”。之后,應(yīng)越南政府邀請(qǐng),清政府借“剿匪”之名,派兵入越履行保藩之職。中法越南交涉的序幕于1875年由羅淑亞的照會(huì)揭開(kāi),爾后,曾紀(jì)澤在異域的交涉,李鴻章分別與寶海、脫利古、福祿諾、巴德諾的談判,無(wú)一不與文化沖突有關(guān)。文化沖突愈演愈烈,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)起時(shí)落,說(shuō)明戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)并不能彌合文化沖突。最終,中法交涉以《中法新約》簽訂,法國(guó)占領(lǐng)全越,中越宗藩關(guān)系被割斷而落幕。從更深層方面剖析,這場(chǎng)政治、外交、軍事的斗爭(zhēng)是東西兩種文化沖突與較量的結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:The Sino French war was a major event in the history of modern Chinese, but also the relationship between China and Vietnam in the history of a major event. Before and after the war, the two countries on Vietnam's sovereign status, issues such as a series of diplomatic activities. Which include peace talks, and force for; there are both public battles, also secretly the rivalry; both face-to-face debate, and in the remote remote control has its own right to dispute;, and please people for negotiations. Strange scene, this is not the only one.
Diplomacy is an integral part of the country's political and diplomatic means and idea reflects the strength of a country and cultural values. In this paper, the Sino French diplomatic activities in the negotiations as the main object of study, the collision of two kinds of culture perspective of modern things, dynamic friction and conflict in the process of development in modern China and its impact factors vassal relations from the perspective of culture.
Based on the recognition of Confucian culture and its values in the two countries between China and Vietnam, is an extension of the traditional Confucianism Chinese in foreign relations. In the process of the formation and development of the vassal relations, Confucian culture has played an important role. The Qin and Han Dynasties, Ru Jiawen spread from the central Plains to the corner edge, promote Vietnam's civilization, Vietnam grow with each passing day on the Central Plains centripetal force; Song Dynasties, the Confucian culture became the foundation for Vietnam's founding, establishing the vassal relations between China and Vietnam, the tributary system reached its peak; before the Sino French war, Vietnam tributary canonized and frequent, under the new situation of vassal relations have been consolidated, become a link join the two together against the law.
Adhering to the ancient Greece, the ancient Rome cultural origin of French culture, a part of western culture, Confucian culture and Oriental classic misfits. After the West contacts have become increasingly frequent, intensified, collision and friction force of two kinds of culture unavoidably. In modern capitalist colonial era, France will be the East Vietnam as the invasion and expansion in.19 century 60s, France has occupied the south of Vietnam. In 70s, France by force of Vietnam signed "the peace treaty of alliance", in order to deny the suzerain vassal relations. Then sent troops to the North Qi, the purpose is to establish the annexation of the whole country, the protection system, as a springboard China southwest. Vietnam invaded the ancient vassal relations at stake, Vietnam is a challenge facing Vietnam repeatedly for help, the Qing government began to negotiate with France in order to protect tributary.
The Sino French negotiations is the points of Vietnam's sovereignty and status, cultural conflicts throughout, Fanquan cases and protection of rights is the core of the suzerain vassal system and the protection system of dispute is mainly reflected in the cultural conflict. In addition, differential inclusion and sovereign equality, harmony and interests first, is also the cause of Sino French cultural conflict. On the issue of Vietnam, Sino French cultural conflict is a dynamic process. It starts from two culture collision, collision caused by friction, friction and expand the conflict, so that the diplomatic activities of ups and downs, the table on the fly, infighting, and then about the war, political influence.
Under the suzerain vassal relations, as "the country" in the fall of the Qing Dynasty vassal state can not sit idly by; in the national decline situation, the Qing government against the law to choose the default flag "curve Paul fan". After that, the invitation of the Vietnamese government, the government of the Qing Dynasty by the "bandits", sent troops into Vietnam to ensure fan post. Prelude to the Sino French negotiation opened, in 1875 by Luo Shuya and Zeng Jize note, in foreign negotiations, Li Hongzhang and Bao Hai, tricou Froude, Nobel, bud talks, a culture and cultural conflict. The conflict intensified, and the war, that war does not bridge the cultural conflict finally, the negotiation between China and France signed the Sino French new to < >, the French occupied the whole of the suzerain vassal relations were severed and ended. The analysis from the deeper, the political, diplomatic, military struggle is what two kinds of cultural conflict and the results of the contest.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K256

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